• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 1997

In this study, Water Repellent Finish was carried out before dyeing on cotton fabrics. It was aimed to improve on dyeing properties of cotton fabrics with direct dye. The results obtained were summerized as follows: 1. The K/S value of water repellent finished cotton fabrics increased. This phenomena in water repellent finished cotton fabrics were much more noticiable than unfinished cotton fabrics. 2. The color fastness(light, washing, and rubbing) of water repellent finished cotton-dyed were worse than those of unfinished cotton-dyed with direct dye. △E of water repellent finished cotton fabrics wasn't showed significant difference as compared with that of unfinished cotton fabrics. 3. The water repellency of finished cotton after dyeing got down from 100 to 70. That of finished-cotton before dyeing was 100. 4. Moisture regain, stiffness and weight of finished cotton fabrics were not almost differenciated with unfinished cotton fabrics. Moreover, the tensile strength of finished cotton fabrics was increased compared to that of unfinished cotton fabrics. As conclusion, according to the above results when the cotton fabrics were dyed with direct dye, it was much more effective that water repellent finished cotton fabrics were dyed rather than trational process, that is pre-dyeing after-finishing even if, by low liquor ratio. The physical properties of fabrics were maintained or increased.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제17권6호
• /
• pp.442-446
• /
• 1985

저염산(低鹽酸), 저온(低溫)으로 분해(分解)한 아미노산(酸)간장 제조중(製造中) 질소이용률(窒素利用率), 단백분해율(蛋白分解率) 및 유리당(遊離糖)의 동향(動向) 등(等)을 검토(檢討)해 본 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 탈지대두(脫脂大豆) 3배량(倍量)의 6%염산(鹽酸)으로 $85^{\circ}C$에서 가수분해시(加水分解時) 65시간후(時間後) 질소이용률(窒素利用率)은 74.51%, 단백분해율(蛋白分解率)은 56.49%이고 유리당(遊離糖) glucose, galactose, arabinose, fructose, xylose 등(等)이 검색(檢索)되었다. $95^{\circ}C$에서 가수분해시(加水分解時) 50시간후(時間後) 질소이용률(窒素利用率)은 77.72%, 단백분해율(蛋白分解率) 64.04%이고 유리당(遊離糖)은 분해(分解) 5시간후(時間後)에는 상기(上記) 5 종(種) 유리당(遊離糖)이 동정(同定)되었으나 80시간후(時間後)에는 glucose만 검색(檢索)되었다. 탈지대두(脫脂大豆) 3배량(倍量)의 12% 염산(鹽酸)으로 $95^{\circ}C$에서 가수분해시(加水分解時) 50시간후(時間後) 질소이용률(窒素利用率)은 88.41%, 단백분해율(蛋白分解率) 69.47%이고 유리당(遊離糖)은 $20{\sim}35$시간후(時間後) 거의 전량(全量) 소실(消失)되었다. 가수분해중(加水分解中) galactose가 glucose에 비해 소실속도(消失速度)가 빨랐다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.812-817
• /
• 2012

Nitrate can serve as a terminal electron acceptor in place of carbon dioxide and inhibit methane emission in the rumen and nitrate reducing bacteria might help enhance the reduction of nitrate/nitrite, which depends on the type of feed offered to animals. In this study the effects of three levels of sodium nitrate (0, 5, 10 mM) on fermentation of three diets varying in their wheat straw to concentrate ratio (700:300, low concentrate, LC; 500:500, medium concentrate, MC and 300:700, high concentrate, HC diet) were investigated in vitro using buffalo rumen liquor as inoculum. Nitrate reducing bacteria, isolated from the rumen of buffalo were tested as a probiotic to study if it could help in enhancing methane inhibition in vitro. Inclusion of sodium nitrate at 5 or 10 mM reduced (p<0.01) methane production (9.56, 7.93 vs. 21.76 ml/g DM; 12.20, 10.42 vs. 25.76 ml/g DM; 15.49, 12.33 vs. 26.86 ml/g DM) in LC, MC and HC diets, respectively. Inclusion of nitrate at both 5 and 10 mM also reduced (p<0.01) gas production in all the diets, but in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of feed reduced (p<0.05) only in LC and MC diets. In the medium at 10 mM sodium nitrate level, there was 0.76 to 1.18 mM of residual nitrate and nitrite (p<0.01) also accumulated. In an attempt to eliminate residual nitrate and nitrite in the medium, the nitrate reducing bacteria were isolated from buffalo adapted to nitrate feeding and introduced individually (3 ml containing 1.2 to $2.3{\times}10^6$ cfu/ml) into in vitro incubations containing the MC diet with 10 mM sodium nitrate. Addition of live culture of NRBB 57 resulted in complete removal of nitrate and nitrite from the medium with a further reduction in methane and no effect on IVTD compared to the control treatments containing nitrate with autoclaved cultures or nitrate without any culture. The data revealed that nitrate reducing bacteria can be used as probiotic to prevent the accumulation of nitrite when sodium nitrate is used to reduce in vitro methane emissions.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 1983

Cultural characteristics of Strptomyces griseolus isolated from the soil were investigated. This strain was disclosed to utilize D-xylose, and D-glactose in preference order as a carbon source with the formation of glucose isomerase. The addition of sweet potato starch also proved effective promoting the total enzyme activity measured at 29% higher than the control. Corn cob, one of waste agricultural resources, was hydrolyzed in 2~3% $H_2SO_4$ solution at $100^{\circ}C$, 3~5 hours to produce a xylose syrup which gave rise to the recovery of 19.9% in a batch system and 28.2% in a repeated system. By the addition of both 2% of xylose syrup(Be'28) prepared by and us 65% of corn steep liquor (total nitrogen 1.2%), enzyme induction was maximized. The enzyme activity was stimulated by the xylose and the cell growth by the C.S.L. Also, remarkable increase of enzyme activity was noticed by the addition of protein acid hydrolysate 86.2% higher than the control. $QO_2$ of the biomass cultured in 30L capacity jarfermentor recorded low oxygen requirement of 251.2 1/hr. Maximum activity of glucose isomerase was observed noted at the 9th hour after inoculation which is 2 hours faster than the stationery was observed noted at the 9th hour after inoculation which is 2 hours faster than the stationery phase of the biomass growth. Glucose isomerase from the strain was activated by adding the $Co^{++}\;and\;Mg^{++}$ with optimum temperature of $73^{\circ}C$ and pH of 7.2. Conversion ratio of 60% glucose to frutose was 42.5% after 70 hours reaction.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2010

The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of natural indigo dyeing of cotton fabric. Reduction and dyeing were carried out by one-step process using an infrared dyeing machine at the liquor ratio of 1:100, and subsequently oxidation and washing in water were followed. Dye uptake was increased with the increase of indigo concentration. Over the full range of dyeing tests, the dyeing condition was optimized to $40^{\circ}C$ for 40min. For most of dye concentrations, the cotton fabrics showed mainly PB color. Maximum K/S value was shown at 4g/L of sodium hydrosulfite concentration and the color strength increased with the increase of dye concentration. Value(lightness) decreased with the increase of dye uptake irrespective of mercerization or reduction method, while the mercerized cotton showed two times higher dye uptake than the untreated cotton. Whereas hue of the untreated cotton showed large decrease of P character(5.6~3.5 PB) with the increase of dye uptake, that of the mercerized cotton increased P character(4.7~5.5 PB). Irrespective of mercerization, value and chroma decreased with the increased of dye uptake. In addition, the untreated showed lower chroma than the mercerized cotton. In the case of traditional reduction, hue of the untreated cotton was changed very little with the increase of dye uptake. For hydrosulfite reduction, P character decreased with the increase of dye uptake. The difference of hue value was small with the change of reduction method(hydrosulfite reduction or traditional fermentation). Color character was not influenced by the changed maximum absorption wavelength. Washing fastness showed 4~4/5 shade change rating without any staining. And dry rubbing fastness was good at low color strength. The bacterial reduction ratios of dyed cotton fabric were also increased.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.331-336
• /
• 2017

Bacteria exist everywhere and continuously come into contact with daily surroundings and humans. Super bacterium methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to methicillin, has recently appeared. The morbidity and rate of death associated with super bacteria infection has increased. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of fabrics naturally dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fabrics were left for 15 min in a natural dyeing solution prepared by extraction from C. obtusa leaves using 11.3% (o.w.f) with a fixed liquor ratio of 1:22 at $40^{\circ}C$. The dyeing process was conducted using three different mordants; subsequently, the K/S value of the dyed fabrics increased in the order of None < Cu < Fe < Al. The color fastness property of the fabrics to washing, dry-cleaning, and rubbing was found to be excellent and ranked in the 4-5 grade. The color fastness to light of natural dyeing is low in most cases and has the problem that the dye color soon becomes bleached. Yet, in most cases cloth dyed with retinispora leaves, the color fastnezz to light was good with a third to fourth grade. Non-mordant fabrics, aluminum mordants, and copper mordants also showed better antibacterial properties (99.9% reduction) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, compared to the control fabrics. The dyed fabrics showed the same antibacterial activity even after three washes. The results highlight the strong potential of fabrics naturally dyed with C. obtusa-extract as a medicinal material with excellent antibacterial function against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2016

Natural colorant extracts were obtained by extraction from tumeric root, gardenia seeds, mugwort and green tea using water, methanol, ethanol and acetone as extractants at room temperature for 3 hours under shaking condition(180rpm) with liquor ratio(solid:solvent; 1:100). The main pigment components of tumeric root, gardenia seeds, mugwort and green tea are known to be curcumin, crocin, chlorophyll b and epigallocatechin gallate, respectively. The effects of the kind of extractant and pH on the color characteristics of natural colorant extracts were investigated. The solubility parameters of pigment components were determined to find adequate extractant. The solubility parameters of curcumin, crocin, chlorophyll b and epigallocatechin gallate were found to be 27.85, 29.40, 19.48 and $37.97(J/cm^3)^{1/2}$. As expected, solvents that have a solubility parameter similar to that of pigment component were generally found to be effective to obtain pigment extracts having high visible absorbance(A). The extract(pigment/solvent) with high visible absorbance was generally found to have low $L^*$(lightness) and high Chroma($C^*$, purity).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.3-30
• /
• 1979

우리나라에서는 일본잎갈나무가 대량(大量) 조림(造林)되어 축적(蓄積)과 생장량(生長量)으로 보아 주요(主要)한 조림(造林) 수종(樹種)이나 각종(各種) 추출물(抽出物)과 활성(活性) phenol 성분(成分)이 많고 심재율(心材率)이 높아 펄프화(化)에서 수율저하(收率低下)와 표백곤란(漂白困難)이 초래(招來)되어 펄프원료(原料)로서의 이용(利用)이 기피(忌避)되고 있다. 따라서 일본잎갈나무의 화학(化學)펄프 원료화(原料化)의 제고(提高)로서 펄프수율(收率) 향상(向上)과 표백성(漂白性) 개선(改善)을 위하여 셀룰로오스보호제를 첨가(添加)한 소다펄프화(化) 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)하였다. 증해(蒸解)는 최고온도(最高溫度) 170$^{\circ}C$까지 90분간(分間) 가열(加熱)하고 90분간(分間) 유지(維持)하는 일정조건(一定條件)으로 황화도(黃化度) 25%, 활성(活性)알칼리 18%의 크라프트법(法)으로 일본잎갈나무의 수령별(樹齡別) 펄프화(化) 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)하고, 18%활성(活性) 알칼리의 소다증해(蒸解)에 첨가제로 2.5% $MgSO_4$, 2.5% $ZnSO_4$, 2.5% $Al_2(SO_4)_3$, 2.5% KI, 2.5% hydroquinone, 2.5% ethylene diamine 또는 0.1~1.0% anthraquinone를 가(加)하여 15년생(年生) 일본잎갈나무의 변재(邊材)와 심재별(心材別) 소다펄프화(化) 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)한 후(後), 0.5% anthraquinone과 18% 활성(活性)알칼리로 증해(蒸解)된 펄프를 3%, 6%, 9% NaOH를 투입(投入)한 30%의 고농도(高農度)펄프를 상압(常壓) 산소표백(酸素漂白)하고, 이산화염소(二酸化鹽素)의 DED로 계속표백(繼續漂白)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 일본잎갈나무의 수령별(樹齡別) 크라프트펄프는 수령간(樹齡間)에 펄프의 정선수율(精選收率)은 차(差)가 없으나, 수령(樹齡)이 증가함에 따라 펄프의 총수율(總收率)은 감소(減少)하고 비인열도(比引裂度)는 증가하였으며, 목재(木材)의 심재율(心材率), 용적밀도(容積密度) 수(數), 섬유장(纖維長) 및 온수추출물(溫水抽出物)도 증가하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 2. 일본잎갈나무의 변재(邊材)와 심재별(心材別) 소다증해(蒸解)에 셀룰로오스 보호제로 첨가(添加)된 7종(種)의 첨가제들은 변재(邊材)와 심재(心材)펄프화(化)에 대한 영향(影響)이 대체로 소다법(法)보다 증가되었으나 크라프트법(法)에 미치지 못하고, 크라프트펄프법(法)에 가까운 첨가제는 펄프수율(收率)에서 KI $MgSO_4$, anthraquinone이며, 특(特)히 다른 첨가제의 25분(分) 1이 첨가(添加)된 anthraquinone은 펄프의 정선수율(精選收率)과 KappaNo. 및 비파열도(比破裂度)에서 다른 첨가제보다 효과적이었다. 3. anthraquinone첨가량(添加量)에 따른 변재(邊材)와 심재별(心材別) 소다펄프의 품질(品質)은 변재(邊材)와 심재(心材) 모두 첨가량(添加量)이 많을수록 탈(脫)리그닌도(度)와 펄프수율(收率)이 높으나 활성(活性)알칼리가 낮으면 정선수율(精選收率)도 낮았으며 활성(活性)알칼리 17%의 소다 증해액(蒸解液)에 0.5% anthraquinone을 첨가(添加)한 조건(條件)에서는 크라프트펄프보다 비교적(比較的) 양호(良好)한 펄프가 얻어졌다. 4. 일반화(一般化)된 CEDED표백중(漂白中) 염소화(鹽素化)와 알칼리 추출단계(抽出段階) 대신(代身)에 30%의 고농도(高濃度)펄프에 상압(常壓) 산소표백(酸素漂白)한 ODED표백(漂白)은 산소단계(酸素段階)에서 변재(邊材)와 심재(心材)펄프 모두 NaOH투입량(投入量)이 증가될수록 백색도(白色度)와 비인열도(比引裂度)가 향상(向上)되나 펄프수율(收率)과 Kapa No.는 감소(減少)되었으며, NaOH 투입량(投入量)이 높을수록 펄프품질(品質)은 CEDED 표백(漂白)과 유사(類似)하나 펄프수율(收率)이 떨어졌다. 5. 따라서 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서는 펄프수율(收率) 향상(向上)을 위해서는 원료(原料)에서 심재율(心材率)이 낮은 수령(樹齡)의 경우가 펄프재(材)로 적당(適當)하고, 0.5% anthraquinone을 첨가(添加)한 활성(活性)알카리 18%의 소다증해(蒸解)하는 것이 적당(適當)하며 폐수중(廢水中)의 염소화합물(鹽素化合物)을 감소(減少)시키기 위하여서는 펄프농도(濃度) 30%이상(以上)의 고농도(高濃度)에서 상압(常壓) 산소(酸素)로 표백후(漂白後) 이산화(二酸化) 염소(鹽素)로 DED 표백(漂白)하면 일본잎갈나무의 크라프트법(法)보다 비교적(比較的) 우수(優秀)한 펄프를 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권9호
• /
• pp.6142-6151
• /
• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 동양이 원산지이고 세계적으로 증류주 제조에 활용된 사례가 드문 오미자를 활용하여 오미자 과실 증류주를 개발하고 최적조건 확립을 하는데 있다. 이를 위해 오미자 원료분석 및 발효주의 주요 성분과 증류주를 증류 방식별로 제조한 후 증류주의 품질특성을 분석하였다. 연구기간은 6개월 소요되었고 그 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 오미자는 당도와 pH가 낮고, 유기산 함량이 높아 효모의 알코올 발효에 적합하지 않아 생오미자 : 물 : 설탕 중량비율을 1 : 1.5 : 0.25 로 혼합한 후 과즙 총량 대비 $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$을 0.06 w/w%를 첨가하여 효모(SIHA Aktivhefe6 Brennereihefe)를 사용 발효시켰다. 주요 발효부산물로서 이소부탄올과 이소아밀알코올이 검출되었다. 한편 증류 방식별(다단식 증류, 단식 증류, 감압식 증류)로 제조한 과실증류주의 품질특성 분석을 위해 발효 과정, 에틸알코올 생산수율, 유기산과 향기성분 함량, 향기 패턴 및 관능을 평가한 결과 생 오미자를 사용한 경우 감압식 증류기로 제조한 과실증류주가 품질이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 다만 증류방식 중 원료 투입량 대비 과실증류주 수율이 가장 높은 것은 다단식 증류방식으로 나타났다.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.85-108
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 공정거래위원회의 프랜차이즈 정보공개서상의 재무자료(자산, 부채, 자본, 매출액, 영업이익 및 당기순이익)를 사용하여 프랜차이즈본사의 자산규모, 재무구조, 수익성 및 성장성에 관한 정보를 연구하였다. 분석 자료는 패스트푸드, 가족식당, 제빵, 농수산과 주류산업의 1,050개 프랜차이즈 본사의 2011년과 2012년 자료를 수집되었다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 기업자산규모에서는 중위수가 675백만 원이었고 중위수까지의 회사의 누적 수는 49.9%에 이르렀으나, 자산규모의 총 누적율은 0.48%에 불과하여 규모의 영세성을 나타내었다. 재무구조에서는 525개사(50%)의 회사가 부채비율이 200% 이하였고, 314개사(29.9%)가 부채비율이 200% 이상이었으며, 211개사(20.1%)가 자본잠식 상태였다. 이러한 결과는 재무구조의 취약성을 나타내는 것을 의미한다. 수익성에서는 ROA의 중위수가 4.72%에 불과하여 낮은 성장성을 나타내었다. 성장성에서는 매년 매출성장률의 중위수가 7.5%를 나타내어, 프랜차이즈산업이 성숙기의 특성을 나타내었다. 본 연구의 이러한 연구 결과는 전반적으로 외식관련 프랜차이즈 본사의 재무상태가 개선되어야 한다는 것을 시사해주고 있다.