• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 1997

The MAA graftings in silk fiber were done by redox system for the purpose of investingating the effect of ferrous sulfate additive on the grafting rate and graft ratio in various conditions. The graft ratio was higher in redox graft system than in peroxide graft system and the graft ratio in redox graft system was also higher depending on decrease of ferrous sulfate additive. The saturation graft ratio obtained by empirical equation, log X=K/t, was increasing depending on the increase of ferrous sulfate additive. Initial grafting rate was increased but the latter grafting rate was decreased in redox graft system. The effects of liquor ratio(L.R.) on the graft ratio in redox graft system, were higher in high L.R. than in low L.R..

• Proceedings of the Korean Fiber Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.119-122
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• 2007

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.238-245
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• 2019

This study investigated the characteristic of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process to treat the sewage having low carbon/nitrogen ratio (Biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$):Total nitrogen (T-N), 4.5:1) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The removal efficiency of $BOD_5$, suspended solid (SS), T-N and phosphorus ($PO_4{^{3-}}$-P) were 92.6%, 64.3% and 90.1%. Concentration and size of AGS were changed in proportion to the organic matters and nitrogen concentration of the influent (Concentration and size of AGS: 1,700-3,000 mg/L, 0.5-1.0 mm). Mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) also changed with the concentration of AGS (MLSS: 2,000-3,500 mg/L). When the settling time was shortened from 15 min to 10 min, size and shape of AGS were maintained (Size of AGS: 1.0-1.5 mm). In addition, the concentration of AGS and MLSS increased (Concentration of AGS: 3,500 mg/L, MLSS: 4,000 mg/L). Concentration, size and shape of AGS were affected the settling time of the reactor more than the concentration of organic matter and nitrogen in the influent. In the results of removal efficiency and changes in AGS, we confirmed that the SBR process using AGS can be used to treat the sewage having low carbon/nitrogen ratio by applying short settling time.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

Black liquor (BL) is a by-product of rice straw pulping process. It is a low costs raw material for production value-adding proteins and enzymes, which has been paid more and more attention to reduce its environmental pollution. Mixed cultures of micelial fungi, Trichoderma reesei Northern Regional Research Laboratory (NRRL)11236, Trichoderma reesei NRRL 6165 and Aspergillus niger strains NRC 5A, NRC 7A, and NRC 9A were evaluated for their ability to produce xylanase using crude hemicellulose (CHC) prepared from BL and peat moss as an inert support under solid state fermentation (SSF). The most potent strains, A. niger NRC 9A (818.26 U/g CHC) and T. reesei NRRL 6165 ($100.9{\pm}57.14$ U/g CHC), were used in a mixed culture to enhance xylanase production by co-culturing under SSF. In the mixed culture, xylanase production ($1070.52{\pm}12.57$ U/g CHC) was nearly1.3 and 10.6-fold increases over the activities attained in their monocultures, A. niger NRC 9A and T. reesei NRRL 6165, respectively. Optimization of the culture parameters of the mixed culture SSF process, concentration of ammonium sulfate and corn steep liquor, CHC/peat moss ratio, inoculum size and ratios of the two strains, initial pH value, initial moisture content and incubation time, exhibited a significant increase ($2414.98{\pm}84.02$ U/g CHC) in xylanase production than before optimization.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.5 s.113
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• pp.41-49
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• 2005

This paper deals the effect of anthraquinone (AQ) on the contribution of sulphidity in kraft pulping of sapwood. The pulping conditions namely- active alkali concentration, pulpingtime, temperature and liquor ratio were varied in low ($15\%$) and high ($30\%$) sulphidity. $0.1\%$ AQ was added in the low and high sulphidity pulping with varying active alkali concentration and cooking time. At optimum conditions, low sulphidity kraft process produced about $44\%$ pulp yield with kappa number of about 23. But in high sulphidity kraft process kappa number was reduced to about 20 at the same yield. An addition of AQ reduced alkali requirement by $2\%$ on oven dried raw material and cooking time by 1 hour to produce pulp yield of about $44\%$ at kappa number 20. AQ is more effective in low sulphidity pulping than the high sulphidity pulping. The breaking length of kraft-AQ pulp was slightly higher than that of kraft pulp.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.70-78
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• 1988

To separate and utilize the main components of hardwood (Quercus mongolica) by organosov pulping (ester pulping), chips were cooked at various conditions such as; the solvent ratio (acetic acid: ethylacetate: water, 50:25:25; 33:33:34; 25:50:25), maximum temperature (165, 170, $175^{\circ}C$), and cooking times (2, 2.5, 3 hr). The pulps were bleached by the sequences of CEDED, C/DEDED, PEDED. Lignin, sugars, and acetic acid were separated from black liquor and washing liquors. 1. The selective delignification at optimal pulp yield (43-45%) was obtained by cooking at acetic acid: ethylace tate: water ratio of 33:34:34 for 3 hr at $170^{\circ}C$. But in this case, kappa no. of the pulp was not reduced under 60 points. 2. Kappa no. of the pulp could be dropped by an acetone wash to remove reprecipitated lignin a t cooked pulp. 3. The unbleached pulps had a brightness of 45-50%, whereas the bleached pulps gave at 88-93% brightness. Tensile, burst, and tear strengths of the bleached pulps were lower than those of kraft pulp, especially in tear strength. The pulps which were bleached with CEDED sequence were higher in strengths than another bleaching sequences. 4. Lignin of 90-95%(lignin base on wood)was separated from black liquor and washing liquors, while the purified sugars and recovery of acetic acid were a low. An organic phase composed of acetic acid, ethylacetate, and water was separated to a two-phase system by proper adjustment of the solvent ratios.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2021

The recent surge in consumption of traditional liquor related to health, the results of analyzing the chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity by creating Kwaha-ju and Baekhwha-chun, which use Godubab as a method of treating glutinous and normal grains, are as follows. Kwaha-ju is mainly made of glutinous rice, 5.21~12.52% alcohol content, 1.07~2.47g/L in reducing sugar content, 3.22~3.77% pH, Baikhwha-chun alcohol content was 3~5%, except for some experimental groups, and pH was low. As a result of the spectrum analysis of traditional liquor, 50% of the experimental group in Baikhwa-chun is located in the negative area of PC1 such as overload, and some amino acids such as lactic acid, isoleucine, and choline are the main ingredients of glucose, xylose, and maltose. Therefore, the chemical properties and antioxidant activity of Kwaha-ju and Baikhwa-chun, which show similar composition ratio of traditional liquor materials, and use them as basic data to identify and manufacture traditional liquor fermentation through mutual analysis.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.227-230
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• 2000

Batch cultivations of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens have been systematically studied for the economical production of succinic acid from wood hydrolysate with corn steep liquor(CSL) as a nitrogen source. CSL was found to be an alternative complex nitrogen source for A. succiniciproducens when glucose and wood hydrolysate were used as carbon sources. Compared with polypeptone and/or yeast extract, CSL had similar effects on fermentation performance such as succinic acid yield and a ratio of succinic acid to acetic acid in the fermentation of wood hydrolysate as well as glucose. This means that succinic acid can be produced more economically from wood hydrolysate and CSL than relatively expensive carbon and nitrogen sources. Besides its low cost, the alternative medium served as a green technology for succinic acid production because it gives a net-zero effect on global warming.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1998

It is rather important in the water and oil repellent finishing for wool fabric what kind of water-repellent agents will be used. In many cases, Fluorocarbon-based water-repellent agents(eg.Oleophobol-S), the surface tensions of which very low, were recom-mended on account of good water and oil repellencies. In repellent finishing, fabrics were padded in a bath which contained aqueous solution of water-repellent agents, and wetting agents, followed by drying and curing. The most suitable treating condition for excellent repellency was as follows Fabrics were padded at liquor pick-up ratio of 50%, with aqueous solution which contained $30g/\ell$ of water-repellent agents, and $40g/\ell$ of wetting agents. And the padded fabrics were dried at $110^\circ{C}$ for 1 minute, and cured at $160^\circ{C}$ for 2 minutes. For the fabrics, water and oil repellencies and durability to repeated dry-cleanings are observed.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 1998

It is important in the durable water and oil repellent finishing for wool fabric what kinds of water-repellent agents will be used. Water repellent agents and its concentration were aleady chosen in the previous paper, one of the crosslinking agents which has less damages(harsh handle or yellowing) to the treated fabrics was a low molecular weight urethane-based resins(eg. Elastron BN-11). In repellent finishing, fabrics were padded in a bath which contained aqueous solution of water-repellent agents, and crosslinking agents, and wetting agents, followed by drying and curing. The most suitable treating condition for excellent repellency and durability to dry-cleaning was as follows ： Fabrics are padded at liquor pick-up ratio of 50%, with aqueous solution which contained $30g/\ell$ of water-repellent agents, and $1g/\ell$ of crosslinking agents, and 40g/s of wetting agents. And the padded fabrics were dried at $110^\circ{C}$ for 1 minute, and cured at $160^\circ{C}$ for 1 minute. For the fabrics, water and oil repellencies and durability to repeated dry-cleanings were observed. For enhancing the durability to dry-cleaning, the role of crosslinking agents was important for they bonds water-repellent agents and fibers to 3-dimensional net structure. Therefore, the most suitable drying and curing conditions should be selected according to the kinds of crosslinking agents.