• ETRI Journal
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2003

This paper describes the performance of a Ku-band 5-bit monolithic phase shifter with metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) switches and the implementation of a ceramic packaged phase shifter for phase array antennas. Using compensation resistors reduced the insertion loss variation of the phase shifter. Measurement of the 5-bit phase shifter with a monolithic microwave integrated circuit demonstrated a phase error of less than $7.5{\circ}$ root-mean-square (RMS) and an insertion loss variation of less than 0.9 dB RMS for 13 to 15 GHz. For all 32 states of the developed 5-bit phase shifter, the insertion losses were $8.2{\pm}1.4$dB, the input return losses were higher than 7.7 dB, and the output return losses were higher than 6.8 dB for 13 to 15 GHz. The chip size of the 5- bit monolithic phase shifter with a digital circuit for controlling all five bits was 2.35 mm ${\times}$1.65 mm. The packaged phase shifter demonstrated a phase error of less than $11.3{\circ}$ RMS, measured insertion losses of 12.2 ${\pm}$2.2 dB, and an insertion loss variation of 1.0 dB RMS for 13 to 15 GHz. For all 32 states, the input return losses were higher than 5.0 dB and the output return losses were higher than 6.2 dB for 13 to 15 GHz. The size of the packaged phase shifter was 7.20 mm${\times}$ 6.20 mm.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.591-602
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• 2018

This research presents an investigation on the thermal buckling resistance of FGM plates having parabolic-concave thickness variation exposed to uniform and gradient temperature change. An analytical formulation is derived and the governing differential equation of thermal stability is solved numerically using finite difference method. A specific function of thickness variation is introduced where it controls the parabolic variation intensity of the thickness without changing the original material volume. The results indicated that the loss ratio in buckling resistance is the same for any gradient temperature profile. Influencing geometrical and material parameters on the loss ratio in the thermal resistance buckling are investigated which may help in design guidelines of such complex structures.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2000

It is well known that an automotive muffle strongly influences engine efficiency and noise reduction. The performance of a muffler system is determined by the geometrical parameters such as the relative location of an inlet and outlet pipe size and cross sectional geometry of a chamber. In this study numerical analysis was performed to examine the flow characteristics in the simple automotive muffler for the variation of volumetric rate and offset. The computational grid generation was carried out. The RNG k-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model was applied. To provide the boundary condition for numerical analysis the experimental measurement wes carried out. As a result of this study we could understand that there was a recirculation flow inside muffler and pressure loss depends on the variation of volumetric rate and offset.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.204-209
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• 2001

The finite element model for automotive muffler analysis is improved by modifying the boundary condition of outlet and the mesh of finite element model. The model minimizes the difference between transmission loss from analysis and that from experiment. Four different boundary conditions and the four types of finite element model are tested to find out the best one of those. From the case study it is verified that the bevel of transmission loss can be changed by the variation of radiation impedance value. Also the resonance or anti-resonance frequencies of transmission loss can be shifted by the variation of finite element mesh. An improved finite element model of muffler is proposed in consideration with the accuracy and the computing time of analysis.

• 풍력에너지저널
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2018

This paper introduces an active power dependent standard characteristic curve, Q(P) to compensate for voltage variations due to the output of distributed generation. This paper presents an efficient control method of grid-connected inverters by comparing and analyzing voltage variation magnitude and line loss according to the compensation method. Voltage variations are caused not only by active power, but also by the change of reactive power flowing in the line. In particular, the system is in a relatively remote place in a coastal area compared with existing power plants, so it is relatively weak and may not be suitable for voltage control. So, since it is very important to keep the voltage below the normal voltage limit within the specified inverter capacity and to minimize line loss due to the reactive power. we describe the active power dependent standard characteristic curve, Q(P) method and verify the magnitude of voltage variation by simulation. Finally, the characteristics of each control method and line loss are compared and analyzed.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.210-217
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• 1999

Chemical oxygen demand (COD), phytoplankton cell number and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), sediment mean grain size and ignition loss were studied to determine their temporal trends in the study area. Historical data of COD, cell number and Chl-a were gathered from the late 1960s or early 1980s to 1997, and trends in temporal domain were obtained from a simple regression. Sediments for grain size and ignition loss (as organic contents in sediments) were sampled from the Chokchon macrotidal flat bimonthly from September 1990 to November 1996, and were analyzed using the decomposition method of time series analysis. In general, the first three data showed increasing trends based on regression analysis. The trends of sediment grain size fluctuated in a neutral pathway while those of ignition loss yielded no increasing pattern. In contrast with the suggestions from Ahn and Choi (1998) who reported a coarsening variation in sediment grain size to be a cause of the directional and remarkable changes of macrofaunal communities in this area, we could not find such a corresponding variation pattern from our samples. In diagnosing eutrophication, a paradoxical phenomenon was encountered between the trends in water column (COD, cell number and Chl-a) and sediment (ignition loss) data. In this paper, we inferred the possible processes that produce the discrepancy. Some explanations and biological responses to eutrophication were predicted and discussed.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.150-159
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• 1999

Exhaust system is composed of several parts. Among, them , design of muffler system strongly influences on engine efficiency and noise reduction. So , through comprehension of flow characteristics inside muffler is necessary . In this study , three-dimensional steady and unsteady compressible flow analysis was performed to understand the flow characteristics, pressure loss and amplitude variation of pulsating pressure. The computational grid generation was carried out using commercial preprocessor ICEM CFD/CAE. And the three-dimensional fluid motion inside the muffler was analyzed by STAR-CD, the computational fluid dynamics code. RNG k-$\varepsilon$ tubulence model was applied to consider the complexity of the geometry and fluid motion. The steady and unsteady flow field inside muffler such as velocity distribution, pulsating pressure and pressure loss was examined. In case of unsteady state analysis, velocity of inlet region was converted from measured pulsating pressure. Experimental measurement of pressure and temperature was carried out to provide the boundary and initial condition for computational study under three engine operating conditions. As a result of this study, we could identify the flow characteristics inside the muffler and obtain the pressure loss, amplitude variation of pulsating exhaust gas.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제50권12호
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• pp.877-887
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• 2017

도시유역의 중 하류부에 주로 설치되는 4방향 합류맨홀에서 과부하 흐름에 의한 에너지 손실은 도심지 침수피해를 가중시키는 주요 원인이다. 과부하 4방향 합류맨홀에는 유입관의 유입조건에 따라 흐름 양상이 크게 변화되며, 중간맨홀 뿐만 아니라 3방향(T형) 합류맨홀의 흐름조건을 구성한다. 그러므로 유입관의 유입유량 변화에 따른 과부하 4방향 합류맨홀의 에너지 손실 변화 분석 및 손실계수 산정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 하수도시설기준을 준용하여 맨홀직경 및 관경을 1/5로 축소 한 수리실험 장치를 제작하였다. 과부하 사각형 4방향 합류맨홀에서 유입관의 유입유량비 변화에 따른 손실계수를 산정하기 위하여 유입관(주 유입관 및 양측면 유입관)의 유입유량비를 10% 간격으로 변화시켜 다양한 유량조건(40 case)을 선정하였다. 실험 결과 중간맨홀에서 0.40의 가장 낮은 손실계수가, $90^{\circ}$ 접합맨홀에서 1.58의 가장 높은 손실계수가 산정되었다. 또한 합류맨홀(T형, 4방향)의 경우 측면 유입유량이 한쪽으로 편향될수록 보다 큰 손실계수를 나타냈다. 유입관의 유입유량 조건 변화에 따른 손실계수를 산정하여 손실계수 범위도를 작도하였으며, 과부하 사각형 4방향 합류맨홀에서 모든 흐름조건을 고려할 수 있는 손실계수 산정식을 제시하였다. 제시된 산정식은 유입관의 유입유량이 변화하는 배수시스템의 설계 및 검증에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2014

Purpose: Peri-implantitis, a clinical term describing the inflammatory process that affects the soft and hard tissues around an osseointegrated implant, may lead to peri-implant pocket formation and loss of supporting bone. However, this imprecise definition has resulted in a wide variation of the reported prevalence; ${\geq}10%$ of implants and 20% of patients over a 5- to 10-year period after implantation has been reported. The individual reporting of bone loss, bleeding on probing, pocket probing depth and inconsistent recording of results has led to this variation in the prevalence. Thus, a specific definition of peri-implantitis is needed. This paper describes the vast variation existing in the definition of peri-implantitis and suggests a logical way to record the degree and prevalence of the condition. The evaluation of bone loss must be made within the concept of natural physiological bony remodelling according to the initial peri-implant hard and soft tissue damage and actual definitive load of the implant. Therefore, the reason for bone loss must be determined as either a result of the individual osseous remodelling process or a response to infection. Methods: The most current Papers and Consensus of Opinion describing peri-implantitis are presented to illustrate the dilemma that periodontologists and implant surgeons are faced with when diagnosing the degree of the disease process and the necessary treatment regime that will be required. Results: The treatment of peri-implantitis should be determined by its severity. A case of advanced peri-implantitis is at risk of extreme implant exposure that results in a loss of soft tissue morphology and keratinized gingival tissue. Conclusions: Loss of bone at the implant surface may lead to loss of bone at any adjacent natural teeth or implants. Thus, if early detection of peri-implantitis has not occurred and the disease process progresses to advanced peri-implantitis, the compromised hard and soft tissues will require extensive, skill-sensitive regenerative procedures, including implantotomy, established periodontal regenerative techniques and alternative osteotomy sites.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2013

Process Capability Index (PCI) is useful Statistical Process Control (SPC) tool that is measure of process diagnostic and assessment tools widely use in industrial field. It has advantage of easy to calculate and easy to use in the field. $C_p$ and $C_{pk}$ are traditional PCIs. These are only considers of process variation. These are not given information about the characteristic value does not match the target value of the process. Studies of this process capability index by many scholars actively for supplement of its disadvantage. These studies to evaluate the capability of situation of various field has presented a new process capability index. $C_{pm}$ is considers both the process variation and the process deviation from target value. And $C_{pm}{^+}$ is considers economic loss for the process deviation from target value. In this paper development of new process capability index that is Taguchi's quadratic loss function by applying the expected loss. And check the correlation between existing traditional process capability index ($C_{pk}$) and new one. Finally, we propose the criteria for classification about developed process capability index.