• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.237-248
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• 2022

Nowadays, more and more subway tunnels were planed and constructed underneath the ground of urban cities to relieve the congested traffic. Potential damage may occur in existing tunnel if the new tunnel is constructed too close. So far, previous studies mainly focused on the tunnel-tunnel interactions with circular shape. The difference between circular and horseshoe shaped tunnel in terms of deformation mechanism is not fully investigated. In this study, three-dimensional numerical parametric studies were carried out to explore the effect of different tunnel shapes on the complicated tunnel-tunnel interaction problem. Parameters considered include volume loss, tunnel stiffness and relative density. It is found that the value of volume loss play the most important role in the multi-tunnel interactions. For a typical condition in this study, the maximum invert settlement and gradient along longitudinal direction of horseshoe shaped tunnel was 50% and 96% larger than those in circular case, respectively. This is because of the larger vertical soil displacement underneath existing tunnel. Due to the discontinuous hoop axial stress in horseshoe shaped tunnel, significant shear stress was mobilized around the axillary angles. This resulted in substantial bending moment at the bottom plate and side walls of horseshoe shaped tunnel. Consequently, vertical elongation and horizontal compression in circular existing tunnel were 45% and 33% smaller than those in horseshoe case (at monitored section X/D = 0), which in latter case was mainly attributed to the bending induced deflection. The radial deformation stiffness of circular tunnel is more sensitive to the Young's modulus compared with horseshoe shaped tunnel. This is because of that circular tunnel resisted the radial deformation mainly by its hoop axial stress while horseshoe shaped tunnel do so mainly by its flexural rigidity. In addition, the reduction of soil stiffness beneath the circular tunnel was larger than that in horseshoe shaped tunnel at each level of relative density, indicating that large portion of tunneling effect were undertaken by the ground itself in circular tunnel case.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.393-404
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• 2017

Side jet effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of a missile was investigated using experimental and computational methods. A couple of side jets were injected toward outward downstream at mid point of missile body. Cold air jet was used in the wind tunnel test, and cold and hot jet were used in the computation. Wind tunnel test was carried out with jet and without jet, and calculation was performed for three cases ; no jet, cold air jet, and hot mixture gas jet. From the comparison of measured and calculated data for all cases, two points could be deduced. Firstly, side jet made static stability to be unstable by increasing body normal force near the side jet exit and by decreasing tail normal force. Secondly, hot mixture gas had more significant effect on the static stability of a missile-type body than cold air jet.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.275-292
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• 2010

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate the wind characteristics in the mountainous valley terrain with 4 simplified valley models and a 1:500 scale model of an existing valley terrain in the simulated atmospheric neutral boundary layer model. Measurements were focused on the mean wind flow and longitudinal turbulence intensity. The relationship between hillside slopes and the velocity speed-up effect were studied. By comparing the preliminary results obtained from the simplified valley model tests and the existing terrain model test, some fundamental information was obtained. The measured results indicate that it is inappropriate to describe the mean wind velocity profiles by a power law using the same roughness exponent along the span wise direction in the mountainous valley terrain. The speed-up effect and the significant change in wind direction of the mean flow were observed, which provide the information necessary for determining the design wind speed such as for a long-span bridge across the valley. The longitudinal turbulence intensity near the ground level is reduced due to the speed-up effect of the valley terrain. However, the local topographic features of a more complicated valley terrain may cause significant perturbation to the general wind field characteristics in the valley.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 지반공학 공동 학술발표회
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• pp.601-612
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• 2005

In mountainous area, Two parallel tunnels have been usually recognized as a road tunnel which has benefits in aspects of cost and stability. However, Design and construction of 2-Arch road tunnel are growing recently due to environmental destruction, compensation of land and difficulty of route separation. As studies are mainly undergoing on only guaranteeing stability and developing a waterproofing-drainage system to avoid water leakage through comprehension for characteristics of 2-arch tunnel behaviors, there is a tendency to evaluate quantity of support by empirical method with a tunnel which has a complicated cross-section and lack of construction ability. In this study, therefore, we made a plan of tunnel cross-section which had shown good construction ability and developed the waterproofing-drainage system which is able to solve the water leakage problem fundamentally by analyzing precedented 2-arch tunnels and investigating their sites in and out of nation. We also determined fixed quantity of support by a large-scale model test and numerical analysis. We want to contribute to 2-arch tunnel design hereafter introducing design procedure and method applied here.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.914-921
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• 2005

In this study, the 1/20 reduced-scale experiment using Froude scaling were conducted to investigate the effect of longitudinal ventilation velocity on the burning rate in tunnel fires. The methanol pool fires with heat release rate ranging from 2.02 kW to 6.15 kW and the n-heptane pool fires with heat release rate ranging from 2.23 kW to 15.6 kW were used. The burning rate of fuel was obtained by measuring the fuel mass at the load cell. The temperature distributions were observed by K-type thermocouples in order to investigate smoke movement. The ventilation velocity in the tested tunnel was controlled by inverter of the wind tunnel. In methanol pool fire, the increase in ventilation velocity reduces the burning rate. On the contrary in n-heptane pool fire, the increase in ventilation velocity induces large burning rate. The reason for above conflicting phenomena lies on the difference of burning rate. In methanol pool fire, the cooling effect outweighs the supply effect of oxygen to fire plume, and in n-heptane pool vice versa.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.501-517
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• 2011

일반적으로 터널 시공현장에서는 계측된 천단 및 내공변위와 계측관리기준을 비교하여 터널의 안정성을 판단한다. 현재 계측관리기준은 지반조건, 터널단면의 크기, 시공방법, 지보재량 등을 고려한 경험을 통해 세워지고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 새로운 계측관리기준으로 한계변형률을 이용하는 방법에 대한 연구가 다수 수행되었다. 그러나 대부분의 연구는 일축압축강도실험에서 얻어진 한계변형률을 기준으로 삼고 있어 실제 터널 굴착 시 발생하는 응력의 증가 및 종방향 아칭에 의한 암반 손상을 고려하지 않는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 대표 암종인 화강암과 편마암의 한계변형률 특성을 조사하기 위하여 일축압축강도실험과 응력의 증가 및 종방향 아칭을 고려한 손상제어실험을 수행하였다. 손상제어실험에서 얻어진 한계변형률은 일축압축강도실험에서 얻어진 한계변형률보다 다소 작게 나타났다. 이는 일축압축강도실험에서 얻은 한계변형률은 터널 굴착 시의 응력이력을 고려하여 다소 감소시켜야 한다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 대심도 터널에서 흔히 발생하는 취성파괴를 평가하기 위한 손상한계변형률을 제안하였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.537-548
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• 2018

A tunnel deformation monitoring system is developed with the use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technique, aiming at providing continuous monitoring of railway tunnel deformation in the long term, and early warning for the rail service maintainers and authorities to avoid catastrophic consequences when significant deformation occurs. Specifically, a set of FBG bending gauges with the ability of angle measurement and temperature compensation is designed and manufactured for the purpose of online monitoring of tunnel deformation. An overall profile of lateral tunnel displacement along the longitudinal direction can be obtained by implementing an array of the FBG bending gauges interconnected by rigid rods, in conjunction with a proper algorithm. The devised system is verified in laboratory experiments with a test setup enabling to imitate various patterns of tunnel deformation before the implementation of this system in an in-service high-speed railway (HSR) tunnel.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.351-364
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• 2020

This paper numerically investigates the effects of a dip-slip fault (a normal or a reverse fault) movement on a segmental tunnel which transversely crosses either of this kind of faults. After calibration of the numerical model with results from literature of centrifuge physical tests, a parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effects of various parameters such as the granular soil properties, the fault dip angle, the segments thickness, and their connections stiffnesses on the tunnel performance. The results are presented and discussed in terms of the ground surface and tunnel displacements along the longitudinal axis for each case of faulting. The gradient of displacements and deformations of the tunnel cross section are also analyzed. It is shown that when the fault dip angle becomes greater, the tunnel and ground surface displacements are smaller, in the case of reverse faulting. For this type of fault offset, increasing the tunnel buried depth causes tunnel displacements as well as ground surface settlements to enhance which should be considered in the design.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2010

터널 구조물은 다른 사회간접시설과 마찬가지로 시공과정에서부터 사용연한까지 지속적으로 안전성이 확보되어야 한다. 특히, NATM 공법으로 시공되는 터널 콘크리트 라이닝은 터널의 외장재로 취급되어 왔지만, 근년에 와서 노후화된 터널의 콘크리트 라이닝에서 발생하는 심각한 구조적 균열에 대한 문제가 야기되면서 터널의 장기적인 안전성을 유지하는 최종 지보수단인 구조재로 고려되고 있다. 콘크리트 라이닝 천단부의 종방향 균열 발생은 콘크리트 시공방법과 같은 연관관계를 가지고 있다. 콘크리트 라이닝 타설시 강재 거푸집의 천단부 부터 콘크리트를 주입함으로 콘크리트가 측벽 쪽으로 유동하면서 충전되어 천단부 라이닝 콘크리트는 마지막으로 콘크리트가 타설되기 때문에 천단부의 상부에 공동이 발생할 우려가 크며, 이로 인해 콘크리트 라이닝의 두께도 부족하게 되는 경우가 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 터널 콘크리트 라이닝에서 여러 요인으로 발생하는 균열을 보다 효율적으로 제어하기 위하여 콘크리트 라이닝에서 발생하는 균열 특성, 기존 강섬유보강 콘크리트 라이닝과 복합섬유보강 콘크리트 라이닝의 수치해석적 접근을 시도하였다. 즉, 터널 라이닝 천단부에 강섬유와 복합섬유의 혼입률에 따른 콘크리트 라이닝 부재의 파괴하중과 변위에 대하여 분석하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 풍화토층에 굴착된 지하철 터널의 변형거동과 종방향 지보재의 보강효과가 3차원 유한차분해석에 의해 조사되었다. 굴착방법이 터널 변형거동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해서 반단면 및 전단면의 2가지 굴착방법이 고려되었다. 또한, 우산형 막장보강법 (RPUM) 및 유리섬유 파이프의 보강효과가 비교되었다. 터널 변형거동을 분석하기 위해 막장변위, 내공변위, 선행변위 및 측벽변위가 조사되었고, 굴착방법 및 종방향 지보재의 효과가 지표침하량를 사용하여 분석되었다. 해석 결과, 반단면 굴착이 전단면 굴착 보다 더 큰 내공변위, 선행변위, 측벽변위를 야기시키며, 반면 막장변위는 전단면 굴착이 반단면 굴착에 비해 더 크게 발생됨을 알았다. 또한, 같은 굴착방법에서는 RPUM만이 사용되었을 때가 RPUM이 유리섬유 파이프와 같이 사용되었을 때 보다 모든 변위가 더 켜졌다.