• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.474-481
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• 2007

A three-dimensional finite element model has been used to simulate the bead on plate welding of curved steel plates having curvature in the welding direction. By using traditional method such as thermal-elastic-plastic(TEP) finite element analysis. the weld-induced deformation can be accurately predicted. However, three-dimensional finite element analysis is not practical in analyzing the weld-induced deformation of large and complex structures such as ship structures in view of computing time and cost. In this study, used is the equivalent loading method based on inherent strain to illustrate the effect of the longitudinal curvature upon the weld-induced deformation of curved plates.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 1999년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Spring
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• pp.239-246
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• 1999

recently there have been many destructive seismic events in Kobe Japan in 1995 and in Northridge California USA in 1994. etc. The Korean Bridge Design Standard Specifications adopted the seismic design requirements in 1992. Comparing the earthquake magnitude in Korea with those in the west coast of the USA it may be said that the current seismic design requirements of the Korean Bridge Design Standard Specifications provides too conservation design results especially for transverse reinforcement details and amount in reinforced concrete columns. This fact usually makes construction problems in concrete casting due to transverse reinforcement congestion. And the effective stiffness Ieff depends on the axial load P(Ag{{{{ {f }_{ck } }}) and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio Ast/Ag and it is conservative to use the effective stiffness Ieff than the gross section moment Ig. Seismic design for transverse reinforcement content of concrete column is considered of extreme-fiber compression strain R-factor axial load and stiffness etc.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.559-576
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• 2014

A new mathematical model and its finite element formulation for the non-linear stress-strain analysis of a planar beam strengthened with plates bolted or adhesively bonded to its lateral sides is presented. The connection between the layers is considered to be flexible in both the longitudinal and the transversal direction. The following assumptions are also adopted in the model: for each layer (i.e., the beam and the side plates) the geometrically linear and materially non-linear Bernoulli's beam theory is assumed, all of the layers are made of different homogeneous non-linear materials, the debonding of the beam from the side-plates due to, for example, a local buckling of the side plate, is prevented. The suitability of the theory is verified by the comparison of the present numerical results with experimental and numerical results from literature. The mechanical response arising from the theoretical model and its numerical formulation has been found realistic and the numerical model has been proven to be reliable and computationally effective. Finally, the present formulation is employed in the analysis of the effects of two different realizations of strengthening of a characteristic simply supported flexural beam (plates on the sides of the beam versus the tension-face plates). The analysis reveals that side plates efficiently enhance the bearing capacity of the flexural beam and can, in some cases, outperform the tensile-face plates in a lower loss of ductility, especially, if the connection between the beam and the side plates is sufficiently stiff.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제81권3호
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• pp.349-365
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• 2022

Steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) is an emerging class of composite for construction. However, a reliable method to assess the flexural behaviour of SFRC structural member is in lack. An analytical technique is proposed for determining the moment-curvature response of concrete beams reinforced with steel fibres and longitudinal bars (R/SFRC members). The behaviour of the tensile zone of such members is highly complex due to the interaction between the residual (tension softening) stresses of SFRC and the tension stiffening stresses. The current study suggests a transparent and mechanically sound method to combine these two stress concepts. Tension stiffening is modelled by the reinforcement-related approach assuming that the corresponding stresses act in the area of tensile reinforcement. The effect is quantified based on the analogy between the R/SFRC member and the equivalent RC member having identical geometry and materials except fibres. It is assumed that the resultant tension stiffening force for the R/SFRC member can be calculated as for the equivalent RC member providing that the reinforcement strain in the cracked section of these members is the same. The resultant tension stiffening force can be defined from the moment-curvature relation of the equivalent RC member using an inverse technique. The residual stress is calculated using an existing model that eliminates the need for dedicated mechanical testing. The proposed analytical technique was validated against test data of R/SFRC beams and slabs.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.793-804
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• 2023

In this study, cyclic loading tests were conducted to assess the seismic performance of cast-in-place (CIP) concrete-filled hollow core precast concrete columns (HPCC) constructed using steel ducts and rubber tubes. The outer shells of HPCC, with a hollow ratio of 47%, were fabricated using steel ducts and rubber tubes, respectively. Two combinations of shear studs & long threaded bars or cross-deformed bars & V-ties were employed to ensure the structural integrity of the old concrete (outer shell) and new CIP concrete. Up to a drift ratio of 3.8%, the hysteresis loop, yielding stiffness, dissipated energy, and equivalent damping ratio of the HPCC specimens were largely comparable to those of the solid columns. Besides the similarities in cyclic load-displacement responses, the strain history of the longitudinal bars and the transverse confinement of the three specimens also exhibited similar patterns. The measured maximum moment exceeded the predicted moment according to ACI 318 by more than 1.03 times. However, the load reduction of the HPCC specimen after reaching peak strength was marginally greater than that of the solid specimen. The energy dissipation and equivalent damping ratios of the HPCC specimens were 20% and 25% lower than those of the solid specimen, respectively. Taking into account the overall results, the structural behavior of HPCC specimens fabricated using steel ducts and rubber tubes is deemed comparable to that of solid columns. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the two combinations for securing structural integrity functioned as expected, and that rubber air-tubes can be effectively used to create well-shaped hollow sections.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.141-155
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• 2017

This paper presents an investigation into the magneto-thermo-mechanical vibration and damping of a viscoelastic functionally graded-carbon nanotubes (FG-CNTs)-reinforced curved microbeam based on Timoshenko beam and strain gradient theories. The structure is surrounded by a viscoelastic medium which is simulated with spring, damper and shear elements. The effective temperature-dependent material properties of the CNTs-reinforced composite beam are obtained using the extended rule of mixture. The structure is assumed to be subjected to a longitudinal magnetic field. The governing equations of motion are derived using Hamilton's principle and solved by employing differential quadrature method (DQM). The effect of various parameter like volume percent and distribution type of CNTs, temperature change, magnetic field, boundary conditions, material length scale parameter, central angle, viscoelastic medium and structural damping on the vibration and damping behaviors of the nanocomposite curved microbeam is examined. The results show that with increasing volume percent of CNTs and considering magnetic field, material length scale parameter and viscoelastic medium, the frequency of the system increases and critically damped situation occurs at higher values of damper constant. In addition, the structure with FGX distribution type of CNTs has the highest stiffness. It is also observed that increasing temperature, structural damping and central angle of curved microbeam decreases the frequency of the system.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2018

콘크리트의 구성모델은 많은 연구를 통해 부재의 비선형 거동을 합리적으로 예측할 수 있도록 여러 모델이 개발되어 왔고 철근의 구성모델은 철근과 콘크리트의 부착 효과에 따른 인장 강화 현상을 반영한 모델이 연구되고 있지만 완전탄소성이나 이선형 변형도 경화 모델이 일반적으로 사용되고 있다. 코어 벽체로 활용하기 위해 개발하고 있는 복합 PC 패널의 반복가력 실험을 통해 길이 방향 철근의 좌굴에 의해 비선형 거동이 발생하였음을 확인하였다. 이 연구에서는 이와 같은 비선형 거동을 해석적으로 모사하기 위해 철근의 매입과 좌굴의 영향을 고려할 수 있는 구성모델들을 조사하였고 이 구성모델들을 재구성하여 새로운 모델을 제시하였다. 또한 제시한 모델의 타당성을 검증하기 위해 해석결과를 콘크리트 벽체와 복합 PC 패널 실험결과와 비교하였다. 철근의 매입 효과만 고려된 모델을 사용한 해석결과는 항복 이후 하중의 감소 없이 변형이 증가하는 거동을 예측하고 있지만, 제안 모델은 항복 이후 하중의 감소를 표현할 수 있어 콘크리트 패널의 거동을 예상하는 재료 모델로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 확인되었다.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2009년 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.97-97
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• 2009

The use of thin plate increases due to the need for light weight in large ship. Thin plate is easily distorted and has residual stress by welding heat. Therefore, the thin plate should be carefully joined to minimize the welding deformation which costs time and money for repair. For one effort to reduce welding deformation, it is very useful to predict welding deformation before welding execution. There are two methods to analyze welding deformation. One is simple linear analysis. The other is nonlinear analysis. The simple linear analysis is elastic analysis using the equivalent load method or inherent strain method from welding experiments. The nonlinear analysis is thermo-elastic analysis which gives consideration to the nonlinearity of material dependent on temperature and time, welding current, voltage, speed, sequence and constraint. In this study, the welding deformation is analyzed by using thermo-elastic method for PCTC(Pure Car and Truck Carrier) which carries cars and trucks. PCTC uses thin plates of 6mm thickness which is susceptible to welding heat. The analysis dimension is 19,200mm(length) * 13,825mm(width) * 376mm(height). MARC and MENTAT are used as pre and post processor and solver. The boundary conditions are based on the real situation in shipyard. The simulations contain convection and gravity. The material of the thin block is mild steel with $235N/mm^2$ yield strength. Its nonlinearity of conductivity, specific heat, Young's modulus and yield strength is applied in simulations. Welding is done in two pass. First pass lasts 2,100 second, then it rests for 900 second, then second pass lasts 2,100 second and then it rests for 20,000 second. The displacement at 0 sec is caused by its own weight. It is maximum 19mm at the free side. The welding line expands, shrinks during welding and finally experiences shrinkage. It results in angular distortion of thin block. Final maximum displacement, 17mm occurs around welding line. The maximum residual stress happens at the welding line, where the stress is above the yield strength. Also, the maximum equivalent plastic strain occurs at the welding line. The plastic strain of first pass is more than that of second pass. The flatness of plate in longitudinal direction is calculated in parallel with the direction of girder and compared with deformation standard of ${\pm}15mm$. Calculated value is within the standard range. The flatness of plate in transverse direction is calculated in perpendicular to the direction of girder and compared with deformation standard of ${\pm}6mm$. It satisfies the standard. Buckle of plate is calculated between each longitudinal and compared with the deformation standard. All buckle value is within the standard range of ${\pm}6mm$.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.389-408
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• 2022

Residual capacity is defined as the load carrying capacity of an RC column after undergoing severe damage. Evaluation of residual capacity of RC columns is necessary to avoid damage initiation in RC structures. The central aspect of the current research is to propose an empirical formula to estimate the residual capacity of RC columns after undergoing severe damage. This formula facilitates decision making of whether a replacement or a repair of the damaged column is adequate for further use. Available literature mainly focused on the simulation of explosion loads by using simplified pressure time histories to develop residual capacity of RC columns and rarely simulated the actual explosive. Therefore, there is a gap in the literature concerning general relation between blast damage of columns with different explosive loading conditions for a reliable and quick evaluation of column behavior subjected to blast loading. In this paper, the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) technique is implemented to simulate high fidelity blast pressure propagations. LS-DYNA software is utilized to solve the finite element (FE) model. The FE model is validated against the practical blast tests, and outcomes are in good agreement with test results. Multivariate linear regression (MLR) method is utilized to derive an analytical formula. The analytical formula predicts the residual capacity of RC columns as functions of structural element parameters. Based on intensive numerical simulation data, it is found that column depth, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, concrete strength and column width have significant effects on the residual axial load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete column under blast loads. Increasing column depth and longitudinal reinforcement ratio that provides better confinement to concrete are very effective in the residual capacity of RC column subjected to blast loads. Data obtained with this study can broaden the knowledge of structural response to blast and improve FE models to simulate the blast performance of concrete structures.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2009

UAM(Umbrella Arch Method)의 효과 및 역학적 보강메커니즘에 대한 연구는 국내외에서 수치해석 및 실험 등을 통하여 상당한 진척이 이루어졌으나 실제 설계 및 적용에 있어서는 아직도 3차원 해석의 해석시간과 복잡성 등의 제약 때문에 UAM의 보강영역과 지반과의 환산물성을 이용하는 정량적이지 못한 2차원해석이 주로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 이유로 합리적, 이론적, 정량적이면서도 손쉽게 수행할 수 있는 설계 및 해석기법이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 UAM의 보강효과가 미치는 범위를 파악하고 그라우팅 전 후의 강관저변지반 물성변화를 파악하기 위하여 연직방향의 UAM 현장실험 및 실내시험을 수행하였다. 풍화토, 풍화암 지반에 UAM 적용시 그라우트의 주입에 의한 주변지반의 물성치 증가는 미미하며, 강관외부와 천공구경 사이의 공간 및 강관내부에 형성된 시멘트구근과 강관으 강성만이 지반보강 효과에 기여한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과와 내공변위제어법(CCM; Convergence Confinement Method) 개념을 바탕으로, 2차원 축대칭해석을 실시하여 막장효과, UAM효과와 지보재효과를 종단변위곡선(LDP)으로 나타내었다. 또한, 2차원 평면변형률 해석시 UAM의 지보효과를 내압의 크기로 변환하여 이를 고려하는 하중분담법을 제안하였다. 이 방법과 기존의 등가환산물성을 적용하는 해석을 비교한 결과, 지반조건, 터널의 심도 및 크기, 강관조건, 초기응력상태 등에 따라 차이가 있지만, 기존의 해석방법에서의 변위량이 새로운 방법에 비해 더 크게 발생하는 것으로 나타나, UAM의 종방향 빔 지지효과를 제대로 평가하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다.