• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.133-143
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• 1975

Most of mothers place their babies in either supine or prone position without change of position. Studies comparing supine and prone position of the newborn infants -have already been performed with the result that the prone position is relatively better than the supine position. However, one kind of position recommended to the mothers is not sufficient for the good rearing practice of children, because the same position placed for period long of time may bring out physical, mental tension and fatigue, and deformities of the skull and the thorax. For this reason nurses have to find out other position which has identical or more advantages than prone position so as to perform the position change for the babies. Main purpose of this study is to identify the differences of vital signs, the number of urination, defecation, diaper rash, crying and amount of feeding of the newborn infants with prone position or lateral position during the first three days of life. Sixty two newborn infants who were delivered at Seoul National University Hospital during the period from July 1 to September 5, 1974 were chosen as subjects for this study. The criteria for the choice of subjects were the babies born with vaginal delivery; body weight 2.5kg or over at birth; Apgar score Seven or over; and gestation period between thirty-eight months ana forty- two months. Of these subjects, by random sampling, thirty-one newborn infants were placed in the prone position and the other thirty-one in the lateral position. The results of this study reviewed in a statistical analysis of the t-test to obtain the following findings : 1. The heart rates of babies in the prone position were the mean heart rates of 135.03 and those in the lateral position 135.98 without any statistically significant difference. 2. There was no significant difference of respiration rate between two groups : a group in the prone position showed the mean respiration rates of 45,57 and the other in the lateral position 46.49. 3. There was no significant difference of body temperature between two groups: the mean body temperature of a group placed in the prone position was 98$^{\circ}$18'F(36$^{\circ}$77'C) and that of the other group 98$^{\circ}$20'F(36$^{\circ}$78'C). 4. One baby showed diaper rash only in a group of infants in the prone position. 5. The number of crying of the babies in the prone position were 23.70 and those in the lateral position 30.00 with a statistical difference at 5 percent level. 6, There was no difference of frequency of urination between two groups: the mean frequency of a group placed in tile prone position was 5.44 and that of the other group 5.06, 7. There was no significant difference of frequency of defecation between two groups : the mean frequency of a group placed in the prone position was 4.20 and that of tile other group 4.21, 8. There was no significant difference of feeding amount between two groups : the average amount of a group in the prone position showed 325.03 and that of the other group in the lateral position 291.51. All the above results mean that we may substitute tile lateral position for the Prone position or utilize both position for tile rearing practice of the babies.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2005

The developmental toxicity of water extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) was evaluated in rats. Licorice extract (500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg) was dissolved in drinking water and orally administered to male rats from 9 weeks before mating to the day of copulation, and to females from 2 weeks before mating to gestational day 19. On gestational day 20, the animals were sacrificed for Cesarian section, and maternal and fetal abnormalities were examined. Licorice extract neither induce clinical signs, nor affect the body weight gain, feed and water intake, estrous cycle, copulation and fertility rates, blood $17\beta-estradiol$ level and organ weights of dams. Also, the implantation and development including body weights, absorption and death of embryos and fetuses were not influenced by in utero exposure to licorice. In addition, there were no increases in external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities of fetuses. Taken together, it is suggested that no observed adverse effect level of licorice extract is higher than 2,000 mg/kg, and that long-term in utero exposure to licorice might not cause developmental toxicities of embryos and fetuses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1695-1699
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• 2004

The antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and free radicals assessment were made of the effects of selenium, copper and magnesium on bovine endemic fluorosis under high fluoride, low selenium and low copper productive conditions. Thirty-two beef cattle were selected from high fluoride area, and randomly divided into four groups with eight cattle each as follows: (1) high fluoride control group (HFC); (2) supplemented group with 0.25 mg/kg selenium (HFSe); (3) supplemented group with 15 mg/kg copper (HFCu) and (4) supplemented group with 0.25 mg/kg selenium+15 mg/kg copper+1 mg/kg magnesium (HFSeCuMg) per day for 83 days. Moreover, eight beef cattle were selected from non-high fluoride area as normal control group. Blood samples were collected from cattle on 0 d, 30 d and 83 d respectively, to analyze the enzyme activities and concentration of GSH-px, CAT, SOD, MDA and free radicals. The results showed that the contents of free radicals and MDA in HFC group were significantly higher, and the whole blood GSH-px, CAT, erythrocyte SOD activities were lower than the normal control group. Free radicals, metabolic imbalance and antioxidant disorder therefore, play an important role in fluorosis. However, GSH-px, CAT and SOD activities in HFSe group and HFSeCuMg group at 30 d and 83 d were markedly higher than the same groups at the 0 d and the HFC group at the same time. Likewise, there was a corresponding reduction in the contents of free radicals and MDA. These findings indicated that supplementation with selenium, copper and magnesium elevated high fluoride bovine antioxidant enzymes, and decreased MDA and free radicals contents. But, the activities of supplementation selenium group did not increase until day 83. These results demonstrated that fluorosis was associated with lower serum Se and Cu levels than in the control, and it was therefore concluded that fluorosis is associated with decreased serum levels of these minerals. Long-term high fluoride intake under productive condition enhances oxidative stress in the blood, thereby disturbing the antioxidant defense of cattle. Increased oxidative stress could be one of the mediating factors in the pathogenesis of toxic manifestations of fluoride. It is benefical for high fluoride cattle supplemented with proper selenium, copper and magnesium to increase fluoride excretion and obtain the protective impact of the activity of oxidative enzymes, and to decrease lipid peroxidation and free radicals contents.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.337-343
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• 2009

To apply to novel two-interconnected fluidized beds system for selective solid circulation, a solid separator and a solid circulation system were developed. The solid separation rate increased as the gas velocity through the solid injection nozzle, solid height, and diameter of solid injection nozzle increased. However, the effect of the fluidization velocity was negligible. Coarse($212{\sim}300{\mu}m$) and fine($63{\sim}106{\mu}m$) particles were separated using the solid separator and the solid separation rate was ranged from 66 to 453 g/min. The solid circulation rate increased as the gas velocity through the solid injection nozzle, solid height, and the number of solid intake holes increased. However, the effect of the fluidization velocity was negligible. Fine particle was circulated using the solid circulation system and the solid circulation rate was ranged from 65 to 390 g/min. We also proposed two interconnenced fluidized beds system for selective solid circulation equipped with the developed solid separator and the solid circulation system. Long-term operation of continuous solid circulation up to 20 hours has been performed to check feasibility of stable operation. The pressure drop profiles in two beds and the solid separation rate were maintained steadily, and therefore, we could conclude that solid circulation was smooth and stable.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2017

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine commonly used in IBD, possibly has various side effects after high dosage and long term intake. The present study aimed to investigate the sulfasalazine and combination with herbal medicine on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced in mice model. TNBS-induced mice were injected through a flexible catheter 4 cm in length 1.6 mg TNBS. Animals were divided into five groups (n=12): Normal group, TNBS control group, Sulfasalazine (30 mg/kg) group, Sulfasalazine (60 mg/kg) group, Sulfasalazine (30 mg/kg)+Cinnamomi cortex and Bupleuri radix mixture (30 mg/kg) (SCB) group. Administration groups were fed extract during 7 days. The inflammatory, and apoptotic protein levels were determined using western blotting. SCB treatment showed an outstanding effectiveness in counteracting the IBD, as assessed by reduction of body weight loss, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory proteins and cytokines, and by inhibition of proteins related to apoptosis. This is the first report that sulfasalazine and Cinnamomi cortex plus Bupleuri radix mixture improve the severity of experimental IBD through the inhibition of both inflammation and apoptosis. We confirm that the SCB treatment instead of sulfasalazine alone may be promising as an alternative therapeutic plan against IBD, without any evidence of adverse effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.249-255
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• 2014

In this study, the products of Acanthopanax senticosus fermentation were derived from the mycelia of 2 mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus, to determine their safety in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were orally administered the water extracts of A. senticosus fermentation products with G. lucidum (FM-5111) or P. linteus (FM-5131) at dose levels of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg for the single-dose toxicity test and 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg for the repeated-dose toxicity test. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake, or water consumption between control and FM-5111- or FM-5131-treated rats. Hematological and blood biochemistry analysis revealed that none of the investigated parameters were affected by the A. senticosus fermentation products, and no remarkable lesions were observed upon histopathological analysis. We conclude that the A. senticosus fermentation products obtained from mushroom mycelia are safe for long-term administration and could be considered as multi-functional nutrients for the improvement of liver function and immunity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 2014

The characteristics and antioxidative activities of yellow and black soybean cheonggukjang prepared with the addition of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Jami) were evaluated. In sensory evaluation experiments involving the addition of purple sweet potatoes to cheonggukjang at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30% ratios (w/w), yellow (YCAP) and black (BCAP) soybean cheonggukjang with 20% purple sweet potato were most preferred. The total phenolics and flavonoid contents of YCAP and BCAP were higher than those of yellow (YC) and black (BC) cheonggukjang prepared without added purple sweet potato. YCAP and BCAP also showed higher DPPH radical-scavenging activities than other samples. Moreover, rat blood plasma samples taken 1 h after oral administration of YCAP and BCAP showed higher inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation than did rats fed YC or BC. These results suggest that the long-term intake of cheonggukjang prepared with purple sweet potato may increase the antioxidative activity in the blood.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol (NOP) on gas production, rumen fermentation, and animal performances depending on animal type using a meta-analysis approach. A database consisted of data from 14 studies, 18 experiments and 55 treatments. The supplementation of NOP linearly decreased methane (CH₄) emissions [g/kg dry matter intake (DMI)] regardless of animal type and length of experimental period (beef, p < 0.0001, R² = 0.797; dairy, p = 0.0003, R² = 0.916; and long term, p < 0.0001, R² = 0.910). The total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and the proportion of acetate, based on beef cattle database, were significantly decreased with increasing NOP supplementation (p = 0.0015, R² = 0.804 and p = 0.0003, R² = 0.918), whereas other individual VFAs was increased. Based on the dairy database, increasing levels of NOP supplementation linearly decreased proportion of acetate (p = 0.0284, R² = 0.769) and increased that of valerate (p = 0.0340, R² = 0.522), regardless of significant change on other individual VFAs. In animal performances, the DMI, from beef cattle database, tended to decrease when the levels of NOP supplementation increased (p = 0.0574, R² = 0.170), whereas there was no significant change on DMI from dairy cattle database. The NOP supplementation tended to decrease milk yield (p = 0.0606, R² = 0.381) and increase milk fat and milk protein (p = 0.0861, R² = 0.321, p = 0.0838, R² = 0.322). NOP is a viable candidate as a feed additive because of its CH₄ mitigation effects, regardless of animal type and experiment period, without adverse effects on animal performances.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.11
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• pp.1017-1026
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• 2014

To investigate the effect of upstream dam operation and river water use on the downstream flows, SWAT-K watershed model was applied to the Paldang Dam watershed of the Han River basin. Analysis results from 2001 to 2009 showed that outflows from the multi-purpose dams such as the Soyanggang Dam and Chungju Dam much have a strong influence on the downstream flows during both the low- and high-flow seasons. This resulted an increase of low-flow at the Paldang Dam, the end of Pukhangang, and the Yangpyeong stage station by $100.57m^3/s$, $33.01m^3/s$, and $49.66m^3/s$, respectively. Whereas, the impact of river water use was hardly found in the Pukhangang, and also was not significant in the (Nam)hangang. Therefore, the effect of small dam such as the Hoengseong Dam or river water use would be able be excluded for long-term runoff analysis. But, in the case of the areas with a large amount of water use, a sufficient information such water-intake and water movement also must be taken into account like this study.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.118-126
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• 2019

Background: Government conducts environmental radioactivity surveillance for verification purpose around nuclear facilities based on the Nuclear Safety Law and issues a surveillance report every year. This study aims to evaluate the short and the long-term fluctuation of radionuclides detected above MDC and their origins using concentration ratios between these radionuclides. Materials and Methods: Sample media for verification surveillance are air, rainwater, groundwater, soil, and milk for terrestrial samples, and seawater, marine sediment, fish, and seaweed for marine samples. Gamma-emitting radionuclides including $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, $^3H$, and $^{14}C$ are evaluated in these samples. Results and Discussion: According to the result of the environmental radioactivity verification surveillance in the vicinity of nuclear power facilities in 2017, the anthropogenic radionuclides were not detected in most of the environmental samples except for the detection of a trace level of $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, and $^{131}I$ in some samples. Radioactivity concentration ratios between the anthropogenic radionuclides ($^{137}Cs/^{90}Sr$, $^{137}Cs/^{239+240}Pu$, $^{90}Sr/^{239+240}Pu$) were similar to those reported in the environmental samples, which were affected by the global fallout of the past nuclear weapon test, and Pu atomic ratios ($^{240}Pu/^{239}Pu$) in the terrestrial sample and marine sample showed significant differences due to the different input pathway and the Pu source. Radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) was detected at the range of < $5.6-190mBq{\cdot}kg-fresh^{-1}$ in the gulfweed and sea trumpet collected from the area of Kori and Wolsong intake and discharge. A high level of $^3H$ was observed in the air (Sangbong: $0.688{\pm}0.841Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) and the precipitation (Meteorology Post: $199{\pm}126Bq{\cdot}L^{-1}$) samples of the Wolsong nuclear power plant (NPP). $^3H$ concentration in the precipitation and pine needle samples showed typical variation pattern with the distance and the wind direction from the stack due to the gaseous release of $^3H$ in Wolsong NPP. Conclusion: Except for the detection of a trace level of $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, and $^{131}I$ in some samples, anthropogenic radionuclides were below MDC in most of the environmental samples. Overall, no unusual radionuclides and abnormal concentration were detected in the 2017's surveillance result for verification. This research will be available in the assessment of environment around nuclear facilities in the event of radioactive material release.