• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.635-645
• /
• 2014

The changes of rainfall pattern and impervious covers have increased disaster risks in urbanized areas. Impervious covers such as roads and building roofs have been dramatically increased. So, it is falling the ability safety of flood defense equipments to exist. Runoff coefficient means ratio of runoff by whole rainfall which is able to directly contribute at surface runoff during rainfall event. The application of accurate runoff coefficients is very important in sewer pipelines design. This study has been performed to estimate runoff characteristics change which are applicable to the process of sewer pipelines design or various public facilities design. It has used the SHER model, a long-term runoff model, to analyze the impact of a rising impervious covers on runoff coefficient change. It thus analyzed the long-term runoff to analyze rainfall basins extraction. Consequently, it was found that impervious surfaces could be a important factor for urban flood control. We could suggest the application of accurate runoff coefficients in accordance to the land Impervious covers. The average increase rates of runoff coefficients increased 0.011 for 1% increase of impervious covers. By having the application of the results, we could improve plans for facilities design.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.227-234
• /
• 2024

We investigated the change in land-use alteration in a 45 km × 45 km area around the Upo wetlands in 1920s(before the Japanese occupation period), 1950s(immediately Korean independence) and the period 1970s to 2000s. These data can guide in understanding surface environmental changes in the lower Nakdong River from the early 20^th century to the present. The influence of the long-term decreasing trend of the wetland area at the Upo Swamp was evaluated using a high-resolution local circulation model. The cooling effect of the wetlands on surface air during the daytime in summer(e.g, early August) was approximately 2℃ greater in the 1920s than in the 2000s, which is attributed to wider water areas in the 1920s. Additionally, long-term changes in land use have caused changes in the convergence zone of local circulation wind.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.497-507
• /
• 2005

This paper presents a method for obtaining mosaic aerial photographs that are useful for a long-term shoreline change study in the Nakdong estuary. Although this method involves digital photogrammetry software of the shelf its usage can be simplified to accomodate the shoreline change study. Ground control points, which are common in aerial photographs, were measured from digital maps. Block triangulation was highly affected by land-based GCPs. Extension of tie points near the shoreline to vertical control points gave more reliable results for the block triangulation. A constant Digital Elevation Model (DEM), close to mean sea level, was employed to produce ortho-rectified photographs, from which mosaic photographs were made. Accuracy of photographs were found to be acceptable for the analysis of long-term shoreline change, and the promising construction of a shoreline change database in the Nakdong estuary.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.185-192
• /
• 2023

Currently, the number of Long-Term Care Hospital in Korea is continuously increasing with the increase in the elderly population. Patients admitted to Long-Term Care Hospital are mainly elderly with chronic diseases, and because they are for long-term care, they often die in Long-Term Care Hospital, and the importance of end-of-life care is gradually increasing. In spite of these characteristics Studies on end-of-life care for nurses in Long-Term Care Hospital are mainly quantitative studies, and there is a limit to in-depth understanding of end-of-life care experiences. Therefore, The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of Long-Term Care Hospital nurses' nursing experienceof end-of-life patients through a phenomenological method, and to describe and understand the meaning of the phenomenon in depth. The subjects of this study were 7 nurses who had worked for more than 6 months at a nursing hospital located in C city. The research method was in-depth interviews, and data were collected from December 2021 to March 2022. The interview date were analyzed by Giorgi's phenomenological method. As a result of the study, 'nurses' attitude toward end-of-life care', 'ambivalence toward life prolongation', 'reality of end-of-life care in Long-Term Care Hospital', and 'reflection on life and death' were found. Therefore, it is thought that End-of-life nursing Continuing educationand interventional education programs should be developed to change Long-Term Care Hospital nurses' end-of-life care attitudes and improve coping skills.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.647-652
• /
• 2015

Background: Lung cancer was one of the most common cancers in both men and women all over the world. In this study, we aimed to clarify who could survive after long term chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We enrolled 186 patients with stage IV NSCLC after long term chemotherapy from Jun 2006 to Nov 2014 diagnosed in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital. Multiple variables like age, gender, smoking, histology of adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell cancer, number of metastatic sites, metastatic sites (e.g. lung, brain, bone, liver and pleura), hemoglobin, lymphocyte rate (LYR), Change of LYR during multiple therapies, hypertension, diabetes, chronic bronchitis, treatments (e.g.radiotherapy and targeted therapy) were selected. For consideration of factors influencing survival and response for patients with advanced NSCLC, logistic regression analysis and Cox regression analysis were used in an attempt to develop a screening module for patients with elevated survival after long term chemotherapy become possible. Results: Of the total of 186 patients enrolled, 69 survived less than 1 year (short-term group), 45 one to two years, and 72 longer than 3 years (long-term group). For logistic regression analysis, the short-term group was taken as control group and the long-term group as the case group. We found that age, histology of adenocarcinoma, metastatic site (e.g. lung and liver), treatments (e.g. targeted therapy and radiotherapy), LYR, a decreasing tendency of LYR and chronic bronchitis were individually associated with overall survival by Cox regression analysis. A multivariable Cox regression model showed that metastatic site (e.g. lung and liver), histology of adenocarcinoma, treatments (e.g. targeted therapy and radiotherapy) and chronic bronchitis were associated with overall survival. Thus metastatic site (e.g. lung and liver) and chronic bronchitis may be important risk factors for patients with advanced NSCLC. Gender, metastatic site (e.g. lung and liver), LYR and the decreasing tendency of LYR were significantly associated with long-term survival in the individual-variable logistic regression model (P<0.05). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, gender, metastatic site (e.g. lung and liver) and the decreasing tendency of LYR associated with long-term survival. Conclusions: In conclusion, female patients with stage IV adenocarcinoma of NSCLC who had decreasing tendency of LYR during the course therapy and had accepted multiple therapies e.g. more than third-line chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or targeted therapy might be expected to live longer.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.203-212
• /
• 2012

The physiological effects of elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature were examined for Quercus gilva and Q. glauca grown under control (ambient $CO_2$ and temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2$ and temperature) conditions for 39 months. The objective of the study was to measure the long-term responses, in physiological parameters, of two oaks species exposed to elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. The photosynthetic rate of Q. gilva was found to be decreased, but that of Q. glauca was not significantly affected, after long-term exposure to elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. Stomatal conductance of Q. glauca was reduced by 21.7%, but that of Q. gilva was not significantly affected, by long-term exposure to $CO_2$ and temperature. However, the transpiration rate of the two oak species decreased. Water use efficiency of Q. gilva was not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature, while that of Q. glauca was increased by 56.6%. The leaves of Q. gilva grown under treatment conditions had an increased C:N ratio due to their reduced nitrogen content, while those of Q. glauca were not significantly affected by long-term exposure to elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. These results suggest that the long-term responses to elevated $CO_2$ and temperature between Q. gilva and Q. glauca are different, and that Q. gilva, the endangered species, is more sensitive to elevated $CO_2$ and temperature than Q. glauca.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.183-194
• /
• 2011

Objectives : To estimate the shelf-life by long-term storage test of Pyungwi-san. Methods : Experiments were conducted to evaluate the stability such as the selected physicochemical, heavy metal, microbilogical experiment under an acceleration test and long-term storage test of Pyungwi-san in different storage under room temperature, refrigeration and freezing. Futhermore, HPLC analysis was performed for the determinations of glycyrrhizin in the Pyungwi-san on an Inertsil ODS-3 column(250 mm ${\times}$ 4.6 mm, 5 um) using solvent 35% acetonitrile include 0.05% phosphoric acid at 254 nm. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Results : The significant change was not showed in pH, heavy metal, microbiological, identification test and quantitative analysis based on acceleration test and long-term storage test. Retention time of glycyrrhizin in HPLC chromatogram was about 16.065 min and calibration curve showed good linearity($R^2$ = 0.9999). The contents of glycyrrhizin in acceleration test and long-term storage test were 0.068~0.076 mg/mL and 0.066~0.077 mg/mL, respectively. Shelf-lifes of room temperature, refrigeration and freezing by long-term storage test were predicted 41, 24 and 34 months, respectively. Conclusions : The suggested shelf-life would be helpful on the storage and distribution of herbal medicine.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.10
• /
• pp.395-405
• /
• 2019

Korea is undergoing a change in its population structure, due to economic development, falling birth rates and the development of health care. As the population ages, the number of elderly people who have difficulty in daily life such as dementia and paralysis increases every day. The growth of nuclear families and the increased participation of women in society make it difficult to take care of elderly people who need long-term care at home. As the social problems resulting from this have emerged as serious problems, the government enacted and implemented the Long Term Care Insurance Act to improve the quality of life for the elderly subject to long-term care and to ease the burden of family support in order to solve such problems. Therefore, the present study explores ways to improve legal and institutional aspects, and seek mental and psychological measures for the stability of old life as well as the physical health of welfare.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.29 no.10 s.241
• /
• pp.1130-1138
• /
• 2005

A national standard system for the petroleum field has been developed to calibrate and test the oil flow meters in Korea. The operating system and the uncertainty of the system were evaluated by the peer reviewers of foreign national metrology institutes in 2002. Since the characteristics of the system might be changed by time, the uncertainty of the system is reevaluated with the consideration of the long term stability of the system. It is found that the system has a relative expanded uncertainty of 0.048 $\%$ in the range of $15\~120\;m^3/h$. According to the uncertainty budget, the uncertainties of the fluid density and the final mass measurement, which are temperature dependent, contribute about $94\%$ of the total uncertainty in the oil flow standard system

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2005.07a
• /
• pp.843-845
• /
• 2005

The uncertainty of long term electricity plan consists of the uncertainty of demand forecast and additional generating capacity. Demand forecast is clearly improved the accuracy than the past through improving forecasting methods. However, the uncertainty of additional generating capacity is increased due to the change of market environment. In an operation by a sole utility, additional generating capacity would be possible by the regulation of government. Currently the generation companies have spined off from KEPCO and some IPPs participate the electricity market. It increases the uncertainty due to weakened regulation. Also the environment movement by NGOs and occurrence of civil affairs cause the increase of uncertainty. This research would analyze the current situation on the uncertainty of additional generating capacity and construction delays. Furthermore this research would present the plan to reflecting it in long term electricity plan.