• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.92-108
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• 2000

The rear garden of the Ch'angdok Palace is considered to be representative of gardens of the 15th century to the end of Choson Dynasty in the early 20th century and is very well preserved. Therefore with its long history, it's been represented in various way. This study tried to interprete the rear garden of the Ch'angdok Palace in terms of 'text through king Jungjo's "Sangrimshipkyog". Jungjo's "Sangrimshipkyng" that describes scenery related to ten place of the rear garden of the Ch'angdok Palace was written when he was a crown prince. And the scenery of ten places can't be separated from their physical looks and those ten places were quite different from now. For that reason, to begin with, this study recomposed those ten places through maps and drawings that revived the current looks and rear garden. And what poems tried to tell and what meanings whey had in the literacy of that age that allowed "poem enchained ten scapes" were studied in the context of co-relationship with space. As a text it is very ancient and questions arise on how to correctly interpret the information it holds. But this interpretation is only one side of the various aspects that the rear garden of the Ch'angdok Palace has compared to its long history. In light of the present age an interpretation can have richer and more varied meanings, creating many new viewpoints. creating many new viewpoints.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.359-382
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• 2009

Eliot's The Waste Land represents the last century in many respects. While working on the poem in cooperation with Pound, Eliot intended to make "Gerontion" a prelude in The Waste Land. But, as we read in his letter to Eliot, Pound advised him against it. As a result, Eliot had excluded it from The Waste Land. "Gerontion" was published separately, as an independent poem. Between "Gerontion" and The Waste Land, we find that the theme and the techniques are very much alike. However, for this very reason Eliot and Pound must have had thought differently. Eliot must have thought that "Gerontion" would serve well as a preface to the long poem, The Waste Land. It will provide a good introduction to the long poem, he may have thought. In the meantime, Pound must have thought that such similarities in theme and techniques would weaken both works, which would be redundant. To Pound, it would be too much to have the summary of everything that is to be repeated in The Waste Land. Eliot intuitively followed Pound's judgment. Both "Gerontion" and The Waste Land have similarities in theme and techniques. The theme of both works is "aimlessness, spiritual sterility, barrenness" in modern man living in the waste land. For example, in "Gerontion," there appear an old man Gerontion, Mr. Silvero, Hakagawa, Madame de Tornquist, Fraulein von Kulp, who are representative of spiritual barrenness of modern world; in the same context, in The Waste Land those who are most representative of modern world are the Typist, clerk, Thames's daughters, Madamn Sosostris, Tiresias, Phelabas. And in terms of techniques, "Gerontion" and The Waste Land both use dramatic monologues, allusions, and the techniques of modern art, such as montage and mosaic. Here in these works Eliot in fact practises his theory of the "Objective Correlative" that he has invented.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.44
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• pp.165-195
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• 2016

This paper is compare to the enjoyment of way on Si-jo and Ga-sa in Lyric poetry. Si-jo and Ga-sa were created in Joseon Dynasty. Si-jo and Ga-sa is the Lyric poetry in traditional genre, representing Korea. These forms include the lyric genre but have a difference between the fixed verse and the long-poem in Joseon Dynasty. However, the two genres are the two genres had opened the possibility of communication from the very beginning in terms of gentry layer is the main writers. Joseon Dynasty those who enjoy the fixed verse and the long-poem, the literature of singing songs and reciting literature, in terms of the principle of metaphor and metonymy rhetoric will reflect the era of awareness and enjoyment of contemporary perception of reality characters. It can be said that performing Si-jo and Ga-sa of enjoyment fashion and work to compare with realistic about the versification principles but check ahead a lot of data, and add to the task of finding a logic that can explain clearly remain. This paper will have to complement the many points made in an attempt to unravel the complex issues in an integrated and comprehensive on-pronged approach and enjoyment of the fixed verse and long-poem Si-jo and Ga-sa and similar expressions are writing and testing the various parties of the enjoyment of culture in today's era of change in the 21st century can be the compass to navigate a new world culture.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1167-1191
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• 2012

For Romantic women writers the paratext itself is essentially a masculine literary space affiliated with established writing practices; however, this paper suggests that Charlotte Turner Smith's mode of discourse in her use of notes and their relation to the text proper are never fixed in her contemplative blank-verse long poem, Beachy Head (1807). Even though the display of learning in the paratext partly supports the woman writer's claim to authority, this paper argues that Smith's endnotes also indicate her way of challenging the double bind for women writers, summoning masculine authority on the margins of her book while simultaneously interrogating essentialist thinking and instructions about one's identity in a culture and on the printed page. The poem shows how the fringes of the book can be effectively transformed from a masculine site of authority to an increasingly feminized site of interchange as Smith writes with an awareness of patriarchal, imperial abuses of power in that area of the book. There is a persistent transgression of cultural/textual boundaries occurring in Beachy Head, which explores the very scene and languages of imperial encounter. Accordingly, if Wordsworth's theory of composition suggests a subjective and abstract poetic experience-an experience without mediation-in which its medium's purpose seems to be to disappear from the reader's consciousness, an examination of the alternative discourse of self-exposure in Smith's poem reveals the essentially fluid nature of media-consciousness in the Romantic era, which remains little acknowledged in received accounts of Romantic literary culture.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.753-772
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• 2010

The purpose of this work is to examine the viability of employing the prosody cloning technique in teaching English prosody. Ten native speakers of Korean high school students with similar level of English proficiency participated in the poem self-study experiment. Five of them were grouped into the experimental group and the remaining five into the control group. One popular English poem from a high school textbook was selected and its recording by a professional native speaker of English was used in the experiment. The members of the two groups made a recording of the poem both before and after the experiment. For the study material, the experimental group used their own recorded utterances with their prosody cloned from the professional English speaker, while the control group used the utterances of the professional speaker alone. The acoustic analysis of the recordings by the prosodic foot both before and after the experiment showed that the experimental group performed slightly better than the control group in the realization of the intensity contour of the poem. There were no significant differences in the realization of the intonation contour and segmental durations between the two groups. The recording after the experiment was also subjectively evaluated by a native speaker of English and the scores for the experimental group were slightly higher than the control group. These findings suggest that the use of English poems with the help of the prosody cloning technique is a potentially viable approach to teaching English intonation to high school students. A long-term study with more students is necessary.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.543-555
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• 2010

In his early poems, Wallace Stevens shows us different gestures, compared with his later poems, when he acquires reality by faculty of imagination. The former is made of ontological violence while the latter is revealed by bareness of less sensuality. However, they are the identical gestures, though from different angles, to accomplish things as they are rather than the ideas of things. In "Sunday Morning," ontological violence occurs in such epistemological couples as thought and thing, mind and world, and imagination and reality. Especially, in order to recuperate his poetic reality, Stevens undermines the traditional hierarchy between heavenly divinity and earthly divinity. In the poem, Christianity faces a critical challenge and then it is disempowered by the earthly divinity. Additionally, by disadvantaging religion, he wants to raise his poetic issue of the faculty of imagination to acquire reality. Stevens' concept of imagination is less subjective and more transcendental than Kantian one. After the ontological violence, Christian divinity and mythic gods leave ontological boundary for earthly divinity in an ambiguous way. In other words, between "Sunday" and "sunny day," the ontological conflicts haunt us throughout the poem as if the violence would happen between imagination and reality. For Stevens, both Christian divinity and mythic gods are mere obstacles to real divinity; both play a mere role of imagination before reality is revealed. Whatever reality is, imagination is always ready to draw an ontological line of reality in an ambiguous way, regardless of how long it lasts. In general, most ontological violence requires such physical remnants of conflicts as borderline, deaths, and pains which still prevail in the poem. Those ontological remnants remain to be found on earth. The sky is an abstract borderline between heaven and earth because in a sense, it belongs to both earthly landscape and heavenly sphere. Without any ontological borderline or threshold, there is no recognition of the divinity because the vitality of divinity is inflamed in continuous transgression of the other. After the final ontological conflict between heaven and earth, there remains only ambiguous borderline near the earth beside the friendlier sky.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.419-427
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• 2020

Ye-chan(倪瓚) is one of the four great masters of the Yuan. He built his own unique art world under the rule of the times under the rule of immigrahts. His theory of painting, i-ch'i(逸氣) in the heart, is a spiritual product made up of the influence of traditional oriental thoughts such as Confucian scholar(儒), Buddhism(佛), and Zen Buddhism(禪). The i-ch'i is a new awareness of nature that has arisen between literary noblemen(文人士大夫) under the influence of freshness(淸淡), emptiness(虛無), non-action(無爲). This is beyond the mundane world and became the theoretical basis for literati painting. The i-pi(逸筆) of Ye-chan is a method of drawing the i-ch'i in the heart. This is the boundary of his literati painting obtained through his long efforts and practice. Ye-chan realized the high ground of unity of poem and calligraphy(詩書一體) and unity of poem and Zen(詩禪一致), which he realized in his daily life.His artistic spirit expressed the high level of staying away from being clean(脫俗遠塵), doing not stay in one place(一所不住), and unity of poem and calligraphy(詩書一体). Through this, he built a unique world of literati painting in the Art World of the late Yuan and early Ming dynasty.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.235-240
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• 2000

In the age of global communication, more human exchange is extended at the grass-roots level. In the old days, language policy and language planning was based on one nation-state with one language. But high waves of globalizaiton have allowed extended human flow of exchange beyond one's national border on a daily basis. Under such circumstances, homogeneity in Japan may not allow Japanese to speak and communicate only in Japanese and only with Japanese people. In Japan, an advisory report was made to the Ministry of Education in June 1996 about what education should be like in the 21st century. In this report, an introduction of English at public elementary schools was for the first time made. A basic policy of English instruction at the elementary school level was revealed. With this concept, English instruction is not required at the elementary school level but each school has their own choice of introducing English as their curriculum starting April 2002. As Baker, Colin (1996) indicates the age of three as being the threshold diving a child becoming bilingual naturally or by formal instruction. Threre is a movement towards making second language acquisition more naturalistic in an educational setting, developing communicative competence in a more or less formal way. From the lesson of the Canadian immersion success, Genesee (1987) stresses the importance of early language instruction. It is clear that from a psycho-linguistic perspective, most children acquire basic communication skills in their first language apparently effortlessly and without systematic and formal instruction during the first six or seven years of life. This innate capacity diminishes with age, thereby making language learning increasingly difficult. The author, being a returnee, experienced considerable difficulty acquiring L2, and especially achieving native-like competence. There will be many hurdles to conquer until Japanese students are able to reach at least a communicative level in English. It has been mentioned that English is not taught to clear the college entrance examination, but to communicate. However, Japanese college entrance examination still makes students focus more on the grammar-translation method. This is expected to shift to a more communication stressed approach. Japan does not have to aim at becoming an official bilingual country, but at least communicative English should be taught at every level in school Mito College is a small two-year co-ed college in Japan. Students at Mito College are basically notgood at English. It has only one department for business and economics, and English is required for all freshmen. It is necessary for me to make my classes enjoyable and attractive so that students can at least get motivated to learn English. My major target is communicative English so that students may be prepared to use English in various business settings. As an experiment to introduce more communicative English, the author has made the following syllabus design. This program aims at training students speak and enjoy English. 90-minute class (only 190-minute session per week is most common in Japanese colleges) is divided into two: The first half is to train students orally using Graded Direct Method. The latter half uses different materials each time so that students can learn and enjoy English culture and language simultaneously. There are no quizes or examinations in my one-academic year program. However, all students are required to make an original English poem by the end of the spring semester. 2-6 students work together in a group on one poem. Students coming to Mito College, Japan have one of the lowest English levels in all of Japan. However, an attached example of one poem made by a group shows that students can improve their creativity as long as they are kept encouraged. At the end of the fall semester, all students are then required individually to make a 3-minute original English speech. An example of that speech contest will be presented at the Convention in Seoul.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.453-466
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to make nine classical needles understood easily through interpreting Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes. Methods : The principle of classification and clinical application of Nine Classical Needle was sorted out referring to "The beginning of Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes" and "The prescription and treatment of Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes" which is the chapter of "Golden Mirror of Medicine". Results & Conclusions : The Nine Classical Needles, which were designed to get harmonious interaction between human beings and the nature, have been representative medical appliance in Korean Medicine. The needles consist of shear needle, round-pointed needle, spoon needle, lance needle, stiletto needle, round-sharp needle, filiform needle, long needle, and big needle. Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes was formed in a poem format to help us easily memorize the essential contents of Nine Classical Needles. "The beginning of Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes" dealt with the reasons of making needles and organization principles about Nine Classical Needles. "The prescription and treatment of Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes" sorted main treatment applications of nine needles, helping understand needles as medical appliance.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 1993

C. sinensis total RMh was containing large amount of 185 rRNA but little 285 rRNA. The size of the double-stranded cDNA synthesized from poly $(A)^{+}$ mRNA was 0.4-4.2 kb long with tapering unto 9.5 kb. Degenerated oligonucleotides (as 2 sense and 3 antisense Primers) were designed on the conserved regions of the known tropomyosin amino acid sequences. From one out of the PCR amplifications using total CDNA and matrix of primers, a specific gene product, 580 bp in size, was produced. Upon Southern hybridization of the PCR products with Schistosomn mnnsoni tropomyosin (SMTM) CDNA, only one signal appeared at the band of 580 bp product. This 580 bp product was considered to encode C. sinensis tropomyosin (CSTM) and cloned in pGEM-3Zf(-) for DNA sequencing. CSTM cDNA was 575 bp containing one open reading frame of 191 predicted amino acids, which revealed 86.3% homology with SMTM and 51.1% with rrichostronsylur coeubnlormis tropomyosin. CSTM cDNA obtained will serve as a probe in the studies of molecular cloning of CSTM.