• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2011

Flour and isolated starch from chickpea (desi type, 328S-8) were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility and physicochemical properties. The protein content, total starch content and apparent amylose content of chickpea flour and isolated starch were 22.2% and 0.6%, 45.8% and 91.5%, and 11.7% and 35.4%, respectively. Chickpea starch granules had an oval to round shape with a smooth surface. The X-ray diffraction pattern of chickpea starch was of the C-type and relative crystallinity was 24.6%. Chickpea starch had only a single endothermic transition (13.3 J/g) in the DSC thermogram, whereas chickpea flour showed two separate endothermic transitions corresponding to starch gelatinization (5.1 J/g) and disruption of the amylose-lipid complex (0.7 J/g). The chickpea flour had a significantly lower pasting viscosity without breakdown due to low starch content and interference of other components. The chickpea starch exhibited significant high setback in the viscogram. The average branch chain length, proportion of short branch chain (DP 6~12), and long branch chains (DP${\geq}$37) of isolated chickpea starch were 20.1, 20.9% and 9.2%, respectively. The rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents of chickpea flour and starch were 9.9% and 21.5%, 28.7% and 57.7%, and 7.1% and 9.3%, respectively. The expected glycemic index (eGI) of chickpea flour (39.5), based on the hydrolysis index, was substantially lower than that of isolated chickpea starch (69.2).

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.2507-2528
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• 2022

Blockchain interoperability, which refers in particular to the ability to access information across blockchain systems, plays the key role for different blockchains to communicate with each other, and further supports the superstructure built on top of the cross-chain mechanism. Nowadays, blockchain interoperability technology is still in its infancy. The existing cross-chain scheme such as BTCRelay requires that the smart contract in a blockchain to download and maintain block headers of the other blockchain, which is costly in maintenance and inefficient to use. In this paper, we propose a supervision mechanism between blockchains, called Surveillant. Specially, the new entities called dual-functional nodes are introduced to commit the real-time information from the blockchain under supervision to the supervising blockchain, which enables users to have efficient cross-chain verification. Furthermore, we introduce Merkle mountain range for blocks aggregation to deal with the large-scale committing data. We propose the design of long orphan branch counter to trace the bifurcations in the blockchain under supervision. The existing incentive mechanism is improved to encourage the behaviors of dual-functional nodes. In Surveillant, the analysis and experimental results demonstrate that users are able to have efficient cross-chain verification with low maintenance overhead.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.679-684
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• 2011

Branched polypropylenes (LCB-PP) with a long chain branch were prepared by the solid-state and molt-state reaction. Divinylbenzene (DVB), 1,4-benzenediol (RES), and furfuryl sulphide (FS) were used as branching agents of fabricate LCB-PP/silicate composites. Chemical structures, thermal properties, and rheological properties of the LCB-PP were determined by FT-IR, DSC, TGA, and dynamic rheometer (ARES). The chemical structure of the LCB-PP was confirmed by the existence of =C-H stretching peak of the branching agent at $3100cm^{-1}$. From DSC and TGA results, the melting reaction was more effective than the solid state reaction in the manufacture of LCB-PP, which was additionally certified by rheological properties. Based on rheological properties, FS was the best for branching efficiency of PP. Compared to PP, LCB-PPs indicated an increase of complex viscosity in the low frequency and shear thinning tendency, and G'-G" plot represented an increase in elasticity and the heterogeneousness in a melt state. Rheological properties of LCB-PP/silicate composites were observed with the silicate content. When 5 wt% silicate was added in LCB-PP, distinct changes in the shear thinning and the slope of G'-G" plots were observed.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.965-981
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• 2024

Objective: Milk composition varies considerably and depends on paratypical, genetic, and epigenetic factors. MiRNAs belong to the class of small non-coding RNAs; they are one of the key tools of epigenetic control because of their ability to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. We compared the relative expression levels of miR-106b, miR-191, and miR-30d in milk to demonstrate the relationship between the content of these miRNAs with protein and fat components of milk in Holstein and Ayrshire cattle. Methods: Milk fat, protein, and casein contents were determined in the obtained samples, as well as the content of the main fatty acids (g/100 g milk), including: saturated acids, such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) acids; monounsaturated acids, including oleic (C18:1) acid; as well as long-, medium- and short-chain, polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acids. Real-time stem-loop one-tube reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes was used to measure the miRNA expression levels. Results: The miRNA expression levels in milk samples were found to be decreased in the first two months in Holstein breed, and in the first four months in Ayrshire breed. Correlation analysis did not reveal any dependence between changes in the expression level of miRNA and milk fat content, but showed a multidirectional relationship with individual milk fatty acids. Positive associations between the expression levels of miR-106b and miR-30d and protein and casein content were found in the Ayrshire breed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that miR-106b and miR-30d expression levels can cause changes in fatty acid and protein composition of milk in Ayrshire cows, whereas miR-106b expression level determines the fatty acid composition in Holsteins. Conclusion: The data obtained in this study showed that miR-106b, miR-191, and miR-30d expression levels in milk samples have peculiarities associated with breed affiliation and the lactation period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.329-329
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• 2017

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different harvesting time on pasting properties of starch in three colored rices. Seven major parameters of starch pasting properties, peak viscosity (PKV), hot pasting viscosity (HPV), cool pasting viscosity (CPV), setback (CPV minus PKV), breakdown (PKV minus HPV), peak time, and pasting time were determined by Rapid Visco Analyzer. The peak viscosity, hot viscosity, cool viscosity and peak time were influenced by different harvesting times. Pasting time was delayed slightly with prolonged harvesting time in all rice cultivars. Pasting temperature in each rice cultivar differed from each harvesting time, and pasting temperature of the two rice cultivars, Hongjinju and Joseongheugchal, showed the highest at the 40 days after heading and then it decreased at the final harvesting time. With the delay of the harvesting time, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, cool viscosity, setback value and pasting temperature did not exhibit a regular trend depending on their genetic characteristics. Branch chain length distribution of amylopectin was demonstrated a distinct difference among these colored rices. In changes of amylopectin branch chain-length distribution, the amylopectin structure of Hongjinju rice cultivar as affected by different harvesting time, the shortest chain length of amylopectin in rice starch harvested at 20 days after heading was characterized by the significant increase in A chains with $DP{\geq}12$ and remarked decrease in long chains $37{\leq}DP$ compared to that of 30, 40, and 50 days after heading. In particular, when harvesting time is delayed the distribution percentage of short chain (A chains with $DP{\geq}12$) was increased except for the rice which harvested 20 days after heading. The similar results were also observed in Sintoheugmi rice cultivar like that of Hongjinju rice cultivar. Otherwise, distribution percentage of the shortest chain length of amylopectin in rice starch harvested at 20 days after heading was characterized by the significant decrease in A chains with $DP{\geq}12$ and remarked increase in B chains $13{\leq}DP{\geq}24$ compared to that of 30, 40, and 50 days after heading.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.419-427
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• 2017

Background: Glycosylation of natural compounds increases the diversity of secondary metabolites. Glycosylation steps are implicated not only in plant growth and development, but also in plant defense responses. Although the activities of uridine-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have long been recognized, and genes encoding them in several higher plants have been identified, the specific functions of UGTs in planta remain largely unknown. Methods: Spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and GUS histochemical assay. In planta transformation in heterologous Arabidopsis was generated by floral dipping using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (C58C1). Protein localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy via fluorescent protein tagging. Results: PgUGT72AL1 was highly expressed in the rhizome, upper root, and youngest leaf compared with the other organs. GUS staining of the promoter: GUS fusion revealed high expression in different organs, including axillary leaf branch. Overexpression of PgUGT72AL1 resulted in a fused organ in the axillary leaf branch. Conclusion: PgUGT72AL1, which is phylogenetically close to PgUGT71A27, is involved in the production of ginsenoside compound K. Considering that compound K is not reported in raw ginseng material, further characterization of this gene may shed light on the biological function of ginsenosides in ginseng plant growth and development. The organ fusion phenotype could be caused by the defective growth of cells in the boundary region, commonly regulated by phytohormones such as auxins or brassinosteroids, and requires further analysis.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.245-250
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• 2012

Branched polypropylenes (PP) with long chain branch were prepared by solid state reaction with three different branching agent of 0.3 wt% content. The chemical structures, non-isothermal crystallization behavior and complex viscosity of the branched PP were investigated by FTIR, DSC, optical microscope, and dynamic rheological measurement. The chemical structure of the branched PP was confirmed by the existence of =C-H stretching peak of the branching agent at 3100 $cm^{-1}$. There was no distinct change in melting temperature in case of PP-D-0-3 and PP-F-0-3, but PP-H-0-3 indicated a decrease in melting temperature. The decrease in melting temperature was interpreted by the fact that the degradation reaction of PP was more dominant than branched reaction, and confirmed by a decrease in complex viscosity. The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of the branched PP was analyzed using by Avrami equation. The Avrami exponent of PP was 3, and the values of the branched PP with DVB and FS were below 3. The activation energy of PP calculated by Kissinger method was 25 kJ/mol, and there were no big difference in activation energies of the branched PPs compared to PP.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1997

The composition and polymeric structure of starch are the most important factors to determine the functional properties of rice. In an effort to relate the structural characteristics and its functional properties of starch in rice, molecular structural properties of starch from 6 rice cultivars were analysed. To relate the structure and function of starch the texture of Jeung-pyun made of rice were analyzed during retrogradation. The polymeric structure of rice starch was analyzed by debranching with isoamylase after gelatinization and fractionated with Sephadex G-75 gel filteration. The size fractionated debranched starch was categorized into four groups such as Fraction I, II, III and Intermediate Fraction depending in their max, The fractions with the max higher than 620 nm were designated as Fraction I, while those in the range of 600-620 nm and 540-600 nm as the Intermediate Fraction and Fraction II, respectively. The Fractions with the max lower than 540 were described as Fraction III. The average degree of polymerization (DP) of the Fraction I was estimated to be higher than 200, and those of other fractions, i.e. the Intermediate Fraction I, Fraction II and III were 150,45 and 25, respectively. The levels of Fraction I were varied from II to 35％ of total sugar. The Fraction I showed the linear relationship with the amylse contents, and the Intermediate Fraction, which might contain the mixture of short chain of amylose and debranched long chain of amylopectin, were measured to be in the range of 2.7∼8.4%. The levels of fraction II and III, both to be considered as the branches of amylopectin, were ranged 14.5∼23.6% and 39.7∼73.0%, respectively. The ratio of Fraction III to Fraction II describing the degree of branch or compactness of amylopectin was estimated to be around 4.0 for waxy varieties and around 2.0 for high amylose cultivars. With these results, it can be suggested that the degree of branch of the amylopectin may effect on amylose contents of starch or rice versa, To invertigate processing aptitude of different rice cultivars for the preparation of Jeung-pyun, its texture was analyzed by Instron, hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness of Jeung-pyun made of rice showed the significant relationship with the amylose content. Hardness was increased during retrogradation of product, but the relationship between hardness and amylose content due to not only difference in amylose content but also difference in structural characteristics of starch. In analysis of relationship between structure of rice starch and mechanical properties of Jeung-pyun during retrogradation elasticity did not show any relationship before retrogradation bur during retrogradation showed significant correlation. With these result, it can be suggested that the degree of branch of the amylopectin may effect on elasticity during retrogradation. However hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness which were significant different before retrogradation, showed some correlation with structure of rice starch during retrigradation.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2002

Recent results obtained for the port-pom model and the constitutive equations with time-strain separability are examined. The time-strain separability in viscoelastic systems Is not a rule derived from fundamental principles but merely a hypothesis based on experimental phenomena, stress relaxation at long times. The violation of separability in the short-time response just after a step strain is also well understood (Archer, 1999). In constitutive modeling, time-strain separability has been extensively employed because of its theoretical simplicity and practical convenience. Here we present a simple analysis that verifies this hypothesis inevitably incurs mathematical inconsistency in the viewpoint of stability. Employing an asymptotic analysis, we show that both differential and integral constitutive equations based on time-strain separability are either Hadamard-type unstable or dissipative unstable. The conclusion drawn in this study is shown to be applicable to the Doi-Edwards model (with independent alignment approximation). Hence, the Hadamardtype instability of the Doi-Edwards model results from the time-strain separability in its formulation, and its remedy may lie in the transition mechanism from Rouse to reptational relaxation supposed by Doi and Edwards. Recently in order to describe the complex rheological behavior of polymer melts with long side branches like low density polyethylene, new constitutive equations called the port-pom equations have been derived in the integral/differential form and also in the simplifled differential type by McLeish and carson on the basis of the reptation dynamics with simplifled branch structure taken into account. In this study mathematical stability analysis under short and high frequency wave disturbances has been performed for these constitutive equations. It is proved that the differential model is globally Hadamard stable, and the integral model seems stable, as long as the orientation tensor remains positive definite or the smooth strain history in the flow is previously given. However cautious attention has to be paid when one employs the simplified version of the constitutive equations without arm withdrawal, since neglecting the arm withdrawal immediately yields Hadamard instability. In the flow regime of creep shear flow where the applied constant shear stress exceeds the maximum achievable value in the steady flow curves, the constitutive equations exhibit severe instability that the solution possesses strong discontinuity at the moment of change of chain dynamics mechanisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1529-1539
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the DNA methylation profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle between Small Tailed Han and Dorper${\times}$Small Tailed Han crossbred sheep which were known to exhibit significant difference in meat-production. Methods: Six samples (three in each group) were subjected to the methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) and subsequent bioinformatics analyses to detect differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the two groups. Results: 23.08 Gb clean data from six samples were generated and 808 DMRs were identified in gene body or their neighboring up/downstream regions. Compared with Small Tailed Han sheep, we observed a tendency toward a global loss of DNA methylation in these DMRs in the crossbred group. Gene ontology enrichment analysis found several gene sets which were hypomethylated in gene-body region, including nucleoside binding, motor activity, phospholipid binding and cell junction. Numerous genes were found to be differentially methylated between the two groups with several genes significantly differentially methylated, including transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFB3), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1), ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1), acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (ACOX2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARG2), netrin 1 (NTN1), ras and rab interactor 2 (RIN2), microtubule associated protein RP/EB family member 1 (MAPRE1), ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 2 (ADAMTS2), myomesin 1 (MYOM1), zinc finger, DHHC type containing 13 (ZDHHC13), and SH3 and PX domains 2B (SH3PXD2B). The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation showed that the 12 genes are differentially expressed between the two groups. Conclusion: In the current study, a tendency to a global loss of DNA methylation in these DMRs in the crossbred group was found. Twelve genes, TGFB3, ACSL1, RYR1, ACOX2, PPARG2, NTN1, RIN2, MAPRE1, ADAMTS2, MYOM1, ZDHHC13, and SH3PXD2B, were found to be differentially methylated between the two groups by gene ontology enrichment analysis. There are differences in the expression of 12 genes, of which ACSL1, RIN2, and ADAMTS2 have a negative correlation with methylation levels and the data suggest that DNA methylation levels in DMRs of the 3 genes may have an influence on the expression. These results will serve as a valuable resource for DNA methylation investigations on screening candidate genes which might be related to meat production in sheep.