• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.655-665
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• 2022

This study evaluated the validity of a newly developed mobility protocol examining the comfort functions and requirements of personal protective equipment (PPE) for COVID-19 healthcare workers. Eight males (age: 24.7 ± 3.0 y, height: 173.4 ± 2.3 cm, and body weight 69.9 ± 3.7 kg) participated in the following three PPE conditions: (1) Plastic gown ensemble, (2) Level D ensemble, and (3) Powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) ensemble. The mobility protocol consisted of 10 different tasks in addition to donning and doffing. The 10 tasks were repeated twice at an air temperature of 25oC with 74% RH. The results showed significant differences among the three PPE conditions in mean skin temperature, local skin temperatures (the forehead, thigh, calf, and foot), clothing microclimate (the chest and back), thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and humidity sensation, while there were no significant differences in heart rate or total sweat rate. At rest, the subjects felt less warm and more comfortable in the PAPR than in the Level D condition (P<0.05). However, subjective perceptions in the PAPR and Level D conditions became similar as the tasks progressed and mean skin and leg temperature became greater for the PAPR than the Level D condition (P<0.05). An interview was conducted just after completing the mobility test protocol, and suggestions for improving each PPE item were obtained. To sum up, the mobility test protocol was valid for evaluating the comfort functions of PPE for healthcare workers and obtaining requirements for improving the mobility of each PPE item.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.582-590
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal properties of Taekwondo wears with three different materials. As a begging step, the questionnaire survey about the actual condition of Taekwondo wears was conducted. With the results of the questionnaire, cotton/nylon(70/30) blended fabric(CN) that was newly woven with sweat absorbent finishing and cotton/spandex(95/5) blended fabric with flexibility property were developed. The same designed 3 Taekwondo wears with 3 different materials which were two different materials(CN and CS) and a current material(cotton/PET, CP) were made. Four young males volunteered for this study, they kicked and punched as Taekwondo action for 20 minutes. Mean skin temperature was the highest in CS(33.1${\pm}$0.8$^{\circ}C$) and the lowest in CP(32.7${\pm}$0.6$^{\circ}C$). Increasing degree of rectal temperature didn't show any significant difference. Clothing microclimate temperature on the thigh was higher in CS(32.8${\pm}$17.4$^{\circ}C$) than in CN(29.4${\pm}$1.1$^{\circ}C$) and CP(29.4${\pm}$1.0$^{\circ}C$). Clothing microclimate temperature on the back and humidity on the thigh didn't show any significant differences. Clothing microclimate humidity on the back was higher in CP(65${\pm}$20%RH) than in CS(61${\pm}$17％RH). Heart rate, total body weight loss, and local sweating were not significantly different by materials. Most subject responded more hot in CN than in others, but there were no significant differences at the subjective sensation of thermal humidity. They answered more comfortable in CN than in others. Tectile sensations were the best in CN and the worst in CS. From those results, first of all, it is necessary to be weighted on Taekwondo wears made of CN in the aspects of the dignity of military arts uniform. Secondly, CS was required to be lighted and enhanced for the subjective sensation. Third, CP weaved honey comb was asked more various design to eliminate sweat high competition power within the scope of the dignity of military arts uniform.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2014

Objectives: Digital infrared thermographic imaging (DITI) has been used widely for various inflammatory diseases, circulatory diseases, skin diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and cancers. In cases of ligament injury, obviously the temperature of the damaged area increases due to local inflammation; however, whether the temperature also increases due to DITI has not been determined. The purpose of the present study was to identify whether or not the changes of temperature in patient's with medial collateral ligament injury were really due to infrared thermography and to determine the applicability of DITI for assessing ligament injuries. Methods: Twenty patient's who underwent DITI for a medial collateral ligament injury from September 2012 to June 2014 were included in the current study. The thermographic images from the patient's knees were divided to cover seven sub-areas: the middle of the patella, and the inferomedial, the inferolateral, the superomedial, the superolateral, the medial, and the lateral regions of patella. The temperatures of the seven regions were measured, and the temperature differences between affected and unaffected regions were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: The 20 patient's were composed of 14 women (70%) and 6 men (30%), with a mean age of $62.15{\pm}15.71$ (mean${\pm}$standard deviation (SD)) years. The temperature of the affected side, which included the middle of the patella, and the inferomedial, the superomedial, the superolateral, and the medial regions, showed a significant increase compared to that of the unaffected side (P < 0.05). The inferolateral and the lateral regions showed no significant changes. Conclusion: Our study results suggest that DITI can show temperature changes if a patient has a ligament injury and that it can be applied in the evaluation of a medial collateral ligament injury.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2007

This study was to determine the effect of cooling part of the trunk without harm for the health. The results provide basic data for the development of clothing which could increase work efficiency and reduce body strain in hot environment. Eight males took part in the study. The experiment was conducted in a climate-chamber controlled with $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C,\;50{\pm}5%R.H$. The trunk was divided into six areas to be cooled: head, neck, chest, abdomen, the upper back, the lower back. According to preceding studies, permissible safety cooling limits of skin temperature, of each part of the trunk for four hours cooling were $25^{\circ}C$ on the head, $20^{\circ}C$ on the neck, $27^{\circ}C$ on the chest, $25^{\circ}C$ on the abdomen, $20^{\circ}C$ on the upper back, $20^{\circ}C$ on the lower back. So cooling temperatures of each region set up temperatures above mentioned. In conclusion, the head, the neck and the upper back cooling could reduce sweating amount, rectal temperature and heart rates and reduce the heat stress of workers exposing in the hot environment by decreased subjective sensations of heat and comfort. Thus, it was concluded that effectiveness of cooling among the trunk was best on the head and the neck.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.371-381
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• 2012

This study investigates quantitative wear training effects and involved 15 participants from a previous study (part 1) in May to September 2009. Before wear training, the subjects' rectal temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and local sweating were measured for 1 hour in a climate chamber ($39{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $65{\pm}5%RH$, 0.3m/s) to evaluate heat tolerance. Subsequently, the subjects were divided into 3 groups that consisted of 5 participants. Group N (control-group) dressed the participants so that they felt comfortable (or cool). Group W and MW where participants underwent regular wear training for 10 weeks (5 days a week a total of 50 times). The intensity of the wear training for the participants of group MW was stronger than that for group W. A heat-tolerance experiment was performed after wear training. The results were as follows: 1. The participants of groups W and MW felt more comfortable after wear training than before wear training in the case of warmer $T_{cl}$. However, no significant differences were observed before and after wear training for group N. 2. The heat tolerance of the participants of groups W and MW was higher after wear training than before wear training. However, no significant difference was noted in this regard for group N. 3. The results showed the wear training effect (based on quantitative guidelines). The results show that the predicted optimal temperature inside clothing can enhance heat tolerance.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권10호
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• pp.91-104
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of clothing microclimates and the subjective sensations according to age, gender and clothing weight for $19^{\circ}C$ air temperature. This study was done to gain fundamental data related to saving heating energy and to improve health through wearing underwear (long johns) in lower indoor temperatures. The subjects were divided into four groups (6 young males, 5 young females, 6 old males, 6 old females), and our experiment consisted of three conditions; the first condition was wearing long underwear in $19^{\circ}C$ air (19CUW condition); the second condition was without wearing long underwear in $19^{\circ}C$ air (19C condition); and the third condition was without wearing underwear in $24^{\circ}C$ air (24C condition). The experiment showed that the clothing microclimate temperature and humidity was the lowest in the 19C condition and the highest in the 24C condition irrespective of age and gender. The clothing microclimate in the 19CUW condition was not significantly distinguishable from the other conditions. Clothing microclimate temperature and humidity when the subjects responded thermal comfort was $28\~34^{\circ}C$ and $15\~40\%$RH without any significant difference according to age and gender. For the thermal sensation, the 24C condition was regarded as the warmest environment by the four groups, and the next preference was the 19CUW condition (p<0.001). Young females and old males showed a tendency to feel colder than young males and old females. For the thermal sensation of hands and feet, the young groups felt the warmest in the 24C condition and the coolest in the 19 C condition (p<0.001). However, old males felt neutral for the foot thermal sensation without any significant difference between the three conditions. Old females felt neutral for both the hands and feet thermal sensations without any significant difference between the three conditions. Thermal preference was the highest in the 24C condition for the 4 groups. In the 19CUW condition, for the thermal preference, most young males and females responded 'No change'; on the other hand, mea of the old responded 'Warmer'(p<0.001). It was the 24C condition that the 4 subject groups felt the most thermally comfortable. In the 19CUW condition, over $80\%$ of responses of each group expressed satisfaction and in the 19C condition, over $80\%$ of responses of each group, except young females, expressed satisfaction. In conclusion, in view of the clothing microclimate and subjective sensations, the 24C condition was the condition that gave subjects the least cold stress and the best subjective preference. However, the 19C condition and the 19CUW condition was not such a cold stress as to give healthy subjects a thermal burden.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.603-615
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• 2020

The present manuscript focuses on the flow and heat transfer of the dusty fluid along exponentially stretching cylinder. Enormous attempts are made for fluid flow along cylinder but the study of fluid behavior along exponentially stretching cylinder is discussed lately. Using appropriate transformations, the governing partial differential equations are converted to non-dimensional ordinary differential equations. The transformed equations are solved numerically using Shooting technique with Runge-Kutta method. The influence of the physical parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles as well as the skin fraction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are examined in detail. The essential observations are as the fluid velocity decreases but temperature grows with rise in particle interaction parameter, and both the fluid velocity and temperature fall with increase in mass concentration parameter, Reynold number, Particle interaction parameter for temperature and the Prandtl number.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2011

보툴리늄 톡신(BoNT/A)은 사람에서 안전하고 효과적인 주름치료제로 적용되고 있으며 최근에는 주름치료효과 이외의 효능에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 개 피부에 히스타민을 피하 주입하여 소양증을 유발한 다음 보툴리늄 톡신의 항소양 효과를 평가하는 것이다. 총 5 마리의 비글을 이용하여 우측 배측 흉부 피부에 보툴리늄 톡신 0.05 ml (5unit)를 주입한 처치부위와 좌측 배측 흉부 피부에 0.05 ml의 생리식염수를 주입한 대조부위를 비교하였다. 보툴리늄 톡신 투여 전, 투여 후 1, 3, 7일에 Histamine 을 피내주입하여 소양증을 유발하였다. 소양증의 정도, 팽진의 지름과 두께, 홍반수치 및 피부표면 온도를 측정하여 보툴리늄 톡신 주입 효과를 평가하였다. 소양증의 정도는 처치부위에서 유의하게 감소하였으며(p < 0.05) 팽진의 지름과 두께도 처치부위에서 유의하게 감소했다(p < 0.05). 홍반수치는 최초 히스타민을 피내투여한 직후에 처치부위와 대조부위에서 모두 증가했으나 대조부위에 비해서 처치부위에서 적게 증가하였다. 피부표면온도는 처치부위에서 유의하게 감소하였다(p < 0.05). 본 연구결과 보툴리늄 톡신은 개 피부에서 히스타민에 의한 소양증에 대한 항소양 효과를 보였으며 임상적으로 극심한 국소 소양증을 보이는 피부질환에 대해 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.86-96
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• 1997

We examined clinical and reseach data about abdominal palpation conducted in japanese oriental medicine from the early stages of its medical history to the latest research, so as to introduce it into korean oriental medicine. That is to say, we studied clinical significance and suitable oriental medicine prescription about following : sweat and moistness of abdominal skin ; temperature of abdominal skin ; palpation and visible peristaltic movement ; meteorism ; tonus of the whole rectus abdominis muscle ; local tonus of parts rectus abdominis muscle ; palpitation of abdominal aorta ; resistance tender on pressure in epigastric region, subcostal region, umbilical region, lower abdomen, para-umbilical region, cecal region, sigmoid region and inguinal region ; sound of fluctuating liquid in the epigastric region. The result was that abdominal palpation was an immediately applicable method of clinical diagnosis in oriental medicine, and is being proven by western medicine methodology today. Therefore we suggest that korean oriental medicine would advance greatly if abdominal palpation were applied.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2007

This study compared and studied the clothing mobility of two types of aerobic clothes - those made of currently popular stretch materials and those made of new stretch materials that were specially developed for this study. The focus of the comparison was on the range of joint movement during activity, and the physiological burden imposed on the body by the clothes. In total, 18 experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in an artificial climatic chamber with a temperature of $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, air humidity of $60{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ and negligible air movement. Each exercise program consisted of a 30-minute of aerobic workout and a 20-minute rest following the exercise. Measurements were taken to determine the following: physiological reactions (whole-body and local sweat rates), subjective sensations(of temperature, humidity, comfort, tightness, and clothing wetness), joint angle(measured with a goniometer), and so on. The results of the study us as follows: Material B excels in clothing mobility. Material C excels in sweat absorbency and drying speed. Material A was found to be the hottest material, while material C was found to be slightly hot through the analysis of the change in pre- and post-exercise bodyweight(= amount of sweat). Regarding the amount of evaporated sweat, material A>material C>material B. Material B produced the smallest amount of evaporated sweat. The wider the range of joint movement, the smaller the amount of sweat and the lower the average skin temperature.