• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.295-316
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• 2015

A bridge widening technology using steel-concrete composite system was developed and is presented in this paper. The widened superstructure system consists of a newly built composite steel-concrete girder with concrete deck and steel diaphragms attached to the existing concrete girders. This method has been applied in several bridge widening projects in China, and one of those projects is presented in detail. Due to the higher stiffness-to-weight ratio and the rapid erection of composite girders, this widening method reveals benefits in both mechanical performance and construction. As only a few methods for the design of bridges with different types of girders are recommended in current design codes, a more accurate analytical method of estimating live load distribution on girder bridges was developed. In the analytical model, the effects of span length, girder pacing, diaphragms, concrete decks were considered, as well as the torsional and flexural stiffness of both composite box girders and concrete T girders. The study shows that the AASHTO LRFD specification procedures and the analytical models proposed in this paper closely approximate the live load distribution factors determined by finite element analysis. A parametric study was also conducted using the finite element method to evaluate the potential load carrying capacities of the existing concrete girders after widening.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.329-334
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• 2019

Traffic flow capacity of some old road bridges is insufficient due to limited deck width. In such cases bridge deck widening is a common solution. For multi-girder reinforced concrete (RC) bridges it is possible to add steel-concrete composite girders as the new outermost girders. The deck widening may be combined with bridge strengthening thanks to thickening of the existing deck slab. Joint action of the existing and the added parts of such bridge span must be ensured. It refers especially to the horizontal plane at the interface of the existing slab and the added concrete layer as well as to the vertical planes at the external surfaces of the initially outermost girders where the added girders are connected to the existing bridge span. Since the distribution of the added concrete is non-uniform in the span cross-section the structure is particularly sensitive to the added concrete shrinkage. The shrinkage induces shear forces in the aforementioned planes. Widening of a 12 m long RC multi-girder bridge span is numerically analysed to assess the influence of the added concrete shrinkage. The analysis results show that: a) in the vertical plane of the connection of the added and the existing deck slab the longitudinal shear due to the shrinkage of the added concrete is comparable with the effect of live load, b) it is necessary to provide appropriate longitudinal reinforcement in the deck slab over the added girders due to tension induced by the shrinkage of the added concrete.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.411-423
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• 2023

The rapid development of road transport has increased the number of bridges that require widening. A critical issue in the construction of bridge widening is the influence of vibrations of the old bridge on the casting of wet joint concrete between the old and new bridges owing to the running traffic. Typically, the bridge is closed to traffic during the pouring of wet joint concrete, which negatively affects the existing transportation network. In this study, a newly developed microscopic traffic load modeling approach and the vehicle-bridge interaction theory are incorporated to develop a refined numerical framework for the analysis of random traffic-bridge coupled dynamics. This framework was used to investigate traffic-induced vibrations at the wet joint of a widened bridge. Based on an experimental study on the vibration resistance of wet joint concrete, traffic control strategies were proposed to ensure the construction performance of cast-in-site wet joint concrete under random traffic without interruption. The results show that the vibration displacement and frequency of the old bridge, estimated by the proposed framework, were comparable with those obtained from field measurements. Based on the target peak particle velocity and vibration amplitude of the wet joint concrete, it was found that traffic control measures, such as limiting vehicle gross weight and limiting traffic volume by closing an additional traffic lane, could ensure the construction performance of the wet joint concrete.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2002년도 춘계학술발표논문집
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• pp.76-84
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• 2002

Fracture toughness was considered as one of the good estimates of the paper break tendency of paper web in the press room. Paper break on the paper machine is caused by many factors such as paper machine irregular vibrations, impurities in the fiber furnish, shives, and so on. On the paper machine, the solid content of paper web is changing very rapidly from less than 1% to over 95%. We tried to measure the fracture toughness of paper web at different solid contents for providing the fundamental knowledge of paper break. Stretches of wet web were also measured and compared to the fracture toughness changes. Four different fiber furnishes (SwBKP, HwBKP, ONP, and OCC) were refined to different degrees, and at different solid contents (40%, 60%, 80%, and 95%), their fracture toughnesses were measured. Two fracture toughness measurement methods (essential work of fracture and Tryding's load-widening method) were used, and we found they gave identical results. The stretch curves of the wet webs against the axis of solid contents were very similar to the fracture toughness curves of those.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2001

Fracture toughness was considered as one of the good estimates of the paper break tendency of paper web in the press room. Paper break on the paper machine is caused by many factors such as paper machine irregular vibrations, impurities in the fiber furnish, shives, and so on. On the paper machine, the solid content of paper web is changing very rapidly from less than 1% to over 95%. We tried to measure the fracture toughness of paper web at different solid contents for providing the fundamental knowledge of paper break. Stretches of wet web were also measured and compared to the fracture toughness changes. Four different fiber furnishes (SwBKP, HwBKP, ONP, and OCC) were refined to different degrees, and at different solid contents (40%, 60%, 80% and 95%), their fracture toughnesses were measured. Two fracture toughness measurement methods (essential work of fracture and Tryding's load-widening method) were used, and we found they gave identical results. The stretch curves of the wet webs against the axis of solid contents were very similar to the fracture toughness curves of those.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2006

신설포장에 시공되는 타이바의 경우에는 콘크리트 타설시 타이바가 슬래브 안에 묻히기 때문에 타이바의 정착강도가 문제되지 않으나, 확장시에는 기존 포장을 천공한 후 충전재를 주입하여 설치하기 때문에 타이바가 충분한 정착강도를 확보 할 수 있도록 설계해야 한다. 만일 삽입된 타이바가 충분한 정착강도를 확보하지 못한다면, 슬래브 간에 하중 전달에 문제가 생길 뿐만 아니라 줄눈 간격이 과도하게 벌어져서 사용성 및 내구성에도 나쁜 영향을 주게 된다. 본 연구에서는 현재 현장에서 설치하는 시공방법에 의해 타이바의 정착강도를 확인하고 이에 대한 대안을 제시 하고자 한다. 실험결과 현장 시공방법으로 설치된 타이바의 정착강도는 소요 정착강도의 42.7%에 불과하였다. 첫 번째 대안으로서 주입기를 이용하여 충전재를 주입하고 마개를 사용하여 충전재가 흘러 나오지 못하게 막는 방법의 경우에는 소요 정착강도를 충분히 만족 하였으나, 현장에서의 품질관리가 쉽지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 두 번째 대안으로 제시된 SL 앵커볼트를 이용하여 타이바를 설치하는 방법은 충분한 정착강도를 확보 할 수 있으며 품질관리 및 시공성이 용이 한 것으로 판단된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제80권6호
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• pp.749-765
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• 2021

Suspension bridges bear large eccentric live loads in rush hours when most vehicles travel in one direction on the left or right side of the bridge. With the increasing number and weight of vehicles and the girder widening, the eccentric live load effect on the bridge behavior, including bending and distortion of the main girder, gets more pronounced, even jeopardizing bridge safety. This study proposes an analytical algorithm based on multi-catenary theory for predicting the suspension bridge responses to eccentric live load via the nonlinear generalized reduced gradient method. A set of governing equations is derived to solve the following unknown values: the girder rigid-body displacement in the longitudinal direction; the horizontal projection lengths of main cable's segments; the parameters of catenary equations and horizontal forces of the side span cable segments and the leftmost segments of middle span cables; the suspender tensions and the bearing reactions. Then girder's responses, including rigid-body displacement in the longitudinal direction, deflections, and torsion angles; suspenders' responses, including the suspender tensions and the hanging point displacements; main cables' responses, including the horizontal forces of each segment; and the longitudinal displacement of the pylons' tower top under eccentric load can be calculated. The response of an exemplar suspension bridge with three spans of 168, 548, and 168 m is calculated by the proposed analytical method and the finite element method in two eccentric live load cases, and their results prove the former's feasibility. The nonuniform distribution of the live load in the lateral direction is shown to impose a greater threat to suspension bridge safety than that in the longitudinal direction, while some other specific features revealed by the proposed method are discussed in detail.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2017

The coefficient of derailment and the rate of wheel load reduction were used as the index of train running safety that was directly affected the train derailment safety. In aspects of track, the train running safety depends on the complex interaction between wheel and rail, and the track-vehicle conditions (i.e., the curvature, cant, track system, vehicle speed and the operation conditions, etc). In this study, the relationship between the train running safety and the track curvature and vehicle speed for direct fixation concrete tracks currently employed in Korean light rapid transit was assessed by performing field tests using actual vehicles running along the service lines. The measured dynamic wheel load, lateral wheel load and lateral displacement of rail head were measured for same train running on four tested tracks under real conditions, which included curved and tangent tracks placed on the tunnel and bridge, thus increasing the train speed by approximately maximum design speed of each test site. Therefore, the measured dynamic track response was applied to the running safety analysis in order to evaluate the coefficient of derailment, the rate of wheel load reduction and the track gauge widening at each test site, and compare with the corresponding Korean train running safety standard. As the results, the lateral track response of direct fixation concrete track appeared to increase with the decreased track curvature; therefore, it was inferred that the track curvature directly affected the train running safety.

• 공학논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2004

강판파일로 지지되고 있는 미니 교대하부에, 압성토의 제거에 따른 교대의 안정성을 확보하기 위한 방법으로서 쏘일네일링 공법을 채택하였다. 네일벽체에 각종 계측기를 매설하여 벽체의 거동을 추적하였다. 또한 3차원 유한요소해석기법을 이용하여 쏘일네일 벽체와 기존 구조물사이의 상호영향과 관련된 벽체의 거동을 분석하였다. 압성토의 순차적 제거와 네일타설 등의 전 축조 시퀀스를 모델링 할 수 있는 기법을 개발하였으며 개발된 시뮬레이션 기법의 타당성을 검증하기 위해 현장에 축조된 실물 계측데이터를 이용하여 보정하였고, 압성토의 제거와 네일타설이 기존 파일의 축하중 및 휨모멘트에 미치는 영향과 네일 인장력의 변화와의 상관관계 등, 설계시 고려되어야 할 몇 가지 주요한 사항에 대한 해석결과를 구할 수 있었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2019

Vinyl house consists of main rafter, lateral member, clamps and polyethylene film. Many vinyl houses are used in the countryside to grow vegetables. These vinyl houses have occasionally been collapsed due to heavy snowfall in winter. Many farmers get a lot of economical damages, if vinyl houses are collapsed. So it is most important to built a safe vinyl house that can withstand heavy snowfall. In this study, a structural analysis was performed on three types of vinyl houses(07-single-01, 10-single-04, 12-single-01). In addition, the structural analysis of the three types of vinyl houses provided axial forces, flexural moment, and combined stress. For these three types of vinyl houses, structural safety was reviewed by obtaining the combined stress ratio by the strength design method. This structural review showed that the specifications for the vinyl house proposed in the design are not safe. Especially, the result of increasing the design snow load by 15 percent and 30 percent showed that the vinyl house structure constructed as a standard for vinyl house was a more dangerous structure. Therefore, it is necessary to revise regulations such as increasing the thickness of rafters or widening the gap in order to make vinyl houses structurally safe for heavy snowfall in the future, and to devise diverse methods to make vinyl houses that are structurally safe.