• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권7호
• /
• pp.1026-1032
• /
• 2004

In this study, we assess the recent changes in the amount of excretion by the livestock industry, and discuss the effects of increasing the ratio of cultivated land on the reduction of surplus nitrogen from a cost-performance perspective. Nitrogen has contributed to acidification of ecosystems and nitrate concentrations in groundwater, especially in Europe. Therefore, we assessed the level of nitrogen waste from the domestic Japanese livestock industry, including cattle, swine and poultry during the period 1987-2001. This assessment assumed that 40% of the nitrogen from the domestic livestock industry was emitted as gas into the air and that 60% of the nitrogen was contained in manure used on domestic cultivated land. Nitrogen excreted from livestock, excluding gas emission, decreased by 11% from 0.504 million tons to 0.447 million tons during 1993-2001. Thus, the peak period of nitrogen excretion from livestock is already past in Japan. However, the area of cultivated land under management also decreased during 1990-2000. In addition, the area of paddy and upland fields left unplanted for a year increased during 1990-2000. Therefore, if all manure from the domestic livestock industry had been utilized on the fields as organic fertilizer, but not on arable land left uncultivated for the past year, the nitrogen per net area of cultivated land would have increased by 5%, from 125 to 131 N kg/ha, during 1990-2000. To reduce the nitrogen ratio on cultivated land through the planting of feed grain to utilize the nitrogen, a comparison of the cost performance of feed grains indicated that barley would be more suitable than wheat, rice or soybean. Had barley been planted in 100% of the land left fallow for the past year in 2000, 4% (20,000 tons) of the nitrogen from livestock waste would have been used in the harvest, and the nitrogen per land unit would have not increased but decreased from 125 to 121 N kg/ha during the same decade. Furthermore, when converted into Total Digestible Nutrients, 7% of imported feed corn could have been replaced with the harvested barley in 2000. Planting barley on this fallow land had three benefits; reducing the risk of manure overload on the land, slowing down the decrease in cultivated land, and raising the feed self-sufficiency ratio. Thus, it would be beneficial to plant feed grain such as barley in land left fallow for the past year through utilization of manure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.439-446
• /
• 2014

Many studies on methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from livestock industries have revealed that livestock production directly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through enteric fermentation and manure management, which causes negative impacts on animal environment sustainability. In the present study, three essential values for GHG emission were measured; i.e., i) maximum $CH_4$ producing capacity at mesophilic temperature ($37^{\circ}C$) from anaerobically stored manure in livestock category ($B_{0,KM}$, Korean livestock manure for $B_0$), ii) $EF_{3(s)}$ value representing an emission factor for direct $N_2O$ emissions from manure management system S in the country, kg $N_2O-N$ kg $N^{-1}$, at mesophilic ($37^{\circ}C$) and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) temperatures, and iii) $N_{ex(T)}$ emissions showing annual N excretion for livestock category T, kg N $animal^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$, from different livestock manure. Static incubation with and without aeration was performed to obtain the $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ emissions from each sample, respectively. Chemical compositions of pre- and post- incubated manure were analyzed. Contents of total solids (% TS) and volatile solid (% VS), and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) decrease significantly in all the samples by C-containing biogas generation, whereas moisture content (%) and pH increased after incubation. A big difference of total nitrogen content was not observed in pre- and post-incubation during $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions. $CH_4$ emissions (g $CH_4$ kg VS-1) from all the three manures (sows, layers and Korean cattle) were different and high C/N ratio resulted in high $CH_4$ emission. Similarly, $N_2O$ emission was found to be affected by % VS, pH, and temperature. The $B_{0,KM}$ values for sows, layers, and Korean cattle obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ are 0.0579, 0.0006, and 0.0828 $m^3$ $CH_4$ kg $VS^{-1}$, respectively, which are much less than the default values in IPCC guideline (GL) except the value from Korean cattle. For sows and Korean cattle, $N_{ex(T)}$ values of 7.67 and 28.19 kg N $yr^{-1}$, respectively, are 2.5 fold less than those values in IPCC GL as well. However, $N_{ex(T)}$ value of layers 0.63 kg N $yr^{-1}$ is very similar to the default value of 0.6 kg N $yr^{-1}$ in IPCC GLs for National greenhouse gas inventories for countries such as South Korea/Asia. The $EF_{3(s)}$ value obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ were found to be far less than the default value.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.118-127
• /
• 2005

The best way to treat livestock manure is a recycling the manure to arable land as an organic fertilizer. In this study, fermented cow manure compost and pig manure compost were used as a raw materials for pelletizing. The changes of physicochemical properties of each composts and pellets were investigated. The aim of this research was to improve availability of livestock manure compost. In pelletizing process of fermented livestock manure compost, the optimal water content to make pellet was around 40%. When clay was mixed by volume more than 15% as a bonding agent, the condition of pelletizing process was beginning to improve. On a dry matter basis, the contents of N, P and K of fermented pig manure compost were 2.05%, 1.89% and 1.31%, respectively. After pelletizing, the contents of compost pelleted with the pig manure compost were 1.96% 1.73% and 0.89%, respectively. The same parameters of cow manure compost were 2.52%, 1.01% and 2.98%, respectively. After processing, the contents of compost pelleted with the cow manure compost were 2.45%, 1.10% and 2.93%, respectively. After pelletizing, there were little change in the content of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, As and Hg. When pelleted compost dried naturally was submerged in water, it was completely dissolved in 30 minutes. On the other hand, Pelleted compost dried with the mechanical convection oven set $70^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours was completely dissolved in 960 minutes. The volume and weight of pelleted compost were decreased with time. After 30 days of storing, the weight of pelleted compost was decreased by 15% compared with its original weight. The volume of it was decreased by 17~25% in the same time.

• KCID journal
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2011

The 21 livestock farms considering future installation of biogas systems were studied. These farms were examined how to raise the livestock, to treat manure, to operate facility with respect to manure characteristics. The 15 farms out of 21 farms have applied to the marine dumping and consignment treatment for treating manure and even farms which have equipped liquid fertilizing system have less capacity facility than legal standards. Characteristics of manure were affected by the scale of swine barn, clean water usage, frequency of cleaning, cleaning method, feces-urine separating method, etc. Retention time in storage (over 20 days) has resulted in lower concentration of organic matter which could reduce biogas production. This indicates that systematic barn management system is required. Inhibition tests showed that disinfectant and citric acid did not affected digestion rates at 10 times higher concentration than recommendation. However hypochlorous acid is likely to affect the anaerobic microbial activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.119-122
• /
• 2006

In both untreated and conventionally stabilized swine manures antibiotic resistant (AR) microorganisms, Staphylococcus-like and Salmonella-like microorganisms were detected. Also pathogens with MAR phynotype were detected. Presence of such microorganisms suggest high level of pathogen-related health risk to farmers who may be in direct contact with the manure and its conventionally stabilized product In contrast the autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) treatment have efficiently reduced AR and pathogenicity from the swine manure. When soil was fertilized using swine manure and its stabilized products, despite no detection of MAR-exhibiting pathogen-like microorganisms in fertilized soil, potential pathogen-related health risk could not be ruled out from the fertilized soil since the organic fertilization led to increase in AR and pathogenicity in the soil microbial communities. As conclusion, this microbiological study demonstrated that an ATAD process is applicable in control of pathogen-related health risk in livestock manure.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.32-37
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted the slurry pig manure treatment by condensation drying of liquid from the slurry manure with a heat-pump and electric heater combined with air flow channel system. The system was designed as liquid and solid matters separation of slurry manure, and it can doing continuous input of slurry manure from a pig house, and it can operated year round use for pig farms. The separation of liquid and solid matters from slurry manure needed the prevention of solid accumulation in the system. The system was designed as closed space from outside air space for maximized evaporation of liquid and the condensation of liquid from slurry manure. The system can be operated the pig slurry manure treatment regardless of seasons in a yew. The separated evaporation water from the pig slurry manure by the heat-pump was satisfactorily pure water that can be used as washing water in livestock farms. The system can applicate to about 100 heads of pig, and the proper area of evaporation plate system was considered around $10\;m^2$. The input electrical energy of about 15 kWh which the cost equal to 250,000 won per month.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 2017

Objective: Along with increasing livestock products via intensive rearing, the accumulation of livestock manure has become a serious issue due to the fact that there is finite land for livestock manure recycling via composting. The nutrients from livestock manure accumulate on agricultural land and the excess disembogues into streams causing eutrophication. In order to systematically manage nutrient loading on agricultural land, quantifying the amount of nutrients according to their respective sources is very important. However, there is a lack of research concerning nutrient loss from livestock manure during composting or storage on farms. Therefore, in the present study we quantified the nutrients from dairy cattle manure that were imparted onto agricultural land. Methods: Through investigation of 41 dairy farms, weight reduction and volatile solids (VS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) changes of dairy cattle manure during the storage and composting periods were analyzed. In order to support the direct investigation and survey on site, the three cases of weight reduction during the storing and composting periods were developed according to i) experiment, ii) reference, and iii) theoretical changes in phosphorus content (${\Delta}P=0$). Results: The data revealed the nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) of VS, TN, and TP on agricultural land were 1.48, 0.60, and 0.66, respectively. These values indicated that the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus was 40% and 34%, respectively, and that there was an increase of VS since bedding materials were mixed with excretion in the barn. Conclusion: As result of nutrient-footprint analyses, the amounts of TN and TP particularly entered on arable land have been overestimated if applying the nutrient amount in fresh manure. The NLCs obtained in this study may assist in the development of a database to assess the accurate level of manure nutrient loading on soil and facilitate systematic nutrient management.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.235-246
• /
• 2012

Reusing livestock manure have various advantages in securing soil organic resources. In this study, the N-loading and recycling capacity assessment of animal manure was analyzed by comparing between the cultivated areas of crops and the amount of manure units that are generated from livestock manure. From this assessment, the possibility of recycling resources of livestock manure was evaluated. The amount generated of livestock manure in Gyeonggi-do were evaluated by applying the manure units to the number of livestock manure. The analysis of manure unit per ha shows that the N loading by MU is quite different by region. When it comes to nitrogen loading, the MU per ha of cultivated land in excess of the N-amount was the highest in the Gyeonggi-do province with 2.70 MU/ha, which is higher than the appropriate level. The Chungcheongnam-do province came next with 2.31 MU. So the recycling capacity assessment was carried out mainly based on areas of forage crops, rice that can be provided by recycling livestock manure. The recycling capacity ware highest in Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do. In order to properly apply the livestock manure into organic resources, the seasonal situation that effects the nitrogen demands of crops along with the regional effects crop cultivation should be seriously analyzed. In addition, a system that can effectively produce and manage fertilizer should be established.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study is to measure the levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in livestock manure composting facility according to seasonal condition. Mean concentrations of ammonia in livestock manure composting facility were 84.3 (${\pm}15.2$) ppm for spring, 115.2 (${\pm}34.7$) ppm for summer, 76.2 (${\pm}18.9$) ppm for autumn, and 38.1 (${\pm}10.4$) ppm for winter, respectively. Based on the results obtained from this study, the seasonal levels of ammonia in livestock manure composting facility were highest in summer followed by autumn, spring and winterroom (p<0.05). Mean concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in livestock manure composting facility were 7.46 (${\pm}2.24$) ppm for spring, 9.42 (${\pm}2.82$) ppm for summer, 8.15 (${\pm}3.06$) ppm for autumn, and 10.18 (${\pm}4.11$) ppm for winter, respectively. The livestock manure composting facility showed the highest levels of hydrogen sulfide in winter followed by summer, autumn and spring. However, there was no significant difference of hydrogen sulfide concentration among seasons (p>0.05).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 2013

Establishment of a new concept of environmental friendly livestock manure management is required based on the facts. But now liquid fertilizer quality in korea shows a large difference among regions and the regulations are uncertain. Focusing on precedent study on main level-grading factors of liquid fertilizer quality certification, the study collected laws and standards related to liquid fertilizer of livestock manure at home and abroad and produced evaluation standards. Liquid fertilizer was divided into four factors (fertilizing value, harmfulness, stability and uniformity). According to each item, scores were awarded based on 16 details: fertilizing value (Nitrogen concentration, the whole concentration of Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid and Kalium), harmfulness (heavy metals, pathogenic microorganism and antibiotics), stability (maturity degree and odour), uniformity (EC, BOD, SS, moisture content and salt). The grade of liquid fertilizer, A (42~48), B (34~41), C (26~33) were rated using total scores.