Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.24
no.3
/
pp.390-400
/
2010
This study is aimed to test physiological and hematological actions of Rheum palmatum through clinical pilot study optimized for usual oriental medicine prescription. Thirty-one cases were finally collected and the sample extract 100 $m{\ell}$ of Rheum palmatum (ERP) was administered two times in a day during 3 days and checked with blood CBC test, urinalysis, liver function test, abdominal X-ray as well as general diagnostic process of oriental medicine; pattern identification, assessment of shapes and constitution. The total toxic effective rate of ERP was 9.68% in 3 cases of the whole in case of consistent uneasy state in the subjective symptomatic assessment and aggravation of blood and urine examination. The relevant diagnostic factors were so-eum constitution and essence type subject, carapaces species, lung type in the aspect of Jisan shape theory. On the other hand, the positive effective rate of ERP was 29.03% manifesting improvement of vital signs or present illness and no abnormal changes of blood chemistry and urinalysis and simple abdomen radiology. The relevant diagnostic factors were tae-eum constitution, energy type subject, aves species, heart and liver type in Jisan's shape theory. And the other cases were manifesting no specific change through the administration of ERP. The ratio of the numbers of decrease and increase was 44:5 in the tenderness and hardness of abdominal palpation. But if the pattern identification doesn't comply with the aim of rhubarb application despite of constipation and abdominal pain, the tendeness and biochemical report was shown in abnormal change. The mean number of diarrhea by ERP was $16.77{\pm}6.95$ during 3 days after administration, and the frequent areas of abdominal pain were lower>middle>upper in order, and it meant the target site of ERP too. Besides, the toxic reaction against ERP was expressed highly in case of decrease in blood cell count and hemoglobin, hematocrit having blood deficiency syndrome. Likewise, the toxicity of ERP was influenced by pattern identification manifesting present disease condition and diagnostic factors of four constitutions, Jisan's shape theory collaterally. In conclusion, evaluation of herbal toxicity in order for using as a clinical guideline, various diagnostic pattern information and shape features like the above should be studied together with other pharmacologic toxicology test for the future.
The concentrations of some components of the serum in a liver function test were determined in samples of 74 apparently healthy dairy cattle, imported from foreign countries in Jeonnam district, during the periods of June to September of 1975 and July to August of 1976. The ranges, mean concentrations and activities of the SGOT, SGPT, SALP, thymol turbidity, total protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, A/G ratio, total bilirubin and total cholesterol were investigated in this work. This results obtained in the survey were summarized as follows: 1. The SGOT activities obtained from Holstein cows ranged from 57 to 129 Sigma Frankel units/ml, with a mean of $96.5{\pm}19.38$ S.F. units/ml. 2. The SGPT activities obtained from Holstein cows ranged from 5 to 49 Sigma Frankel units/ml, with a mean of $21.27{\pm}9.52$ S.F units/ml. 3. The alkaline phosphatase activities of serum obtained from Holstein cows ranged from 0.3 to 3.8 Sigma Frankel units/ml, with a mean of $1.88{\pm}0.94$ S.F. units/ml. 4. The thymol turbidity of serum obtained from Holstein cows ranged from 0.2 to 4.4 Shank Hoagland units/ml, with a mean of $1.69{\pm}0.30$ S.H units/ml. 5. The total serum protein values of Holstein cows ranged from 5.9 to 8.6g/100ml with a mean of $7.17{\pm}0.65g/100ml$. 6. The serum albumin values of Holstein cows ranged from 2.5 to 4.3g/100ml with a mean of $3.24{\pm}0.28g/100ml$. 7. The serum globulin values of Holstein cows ranged from 2.9 to 5.8g/100ml with a mean of $4.02{\pm}0.72g/100ml$. 8. The A/G ratio of serum obtained from Holstein cows ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 with a mean of $0.78{\pm}0.12$. 9. The total bilirubin of serum obtained from Holstein cows ranged from 7.2 to 0.8mg/100ml, with a mean of $0.32{\pm}0.11mg/100ml$. 10. The total cholesterol of serum obtained from Holstein cows ranged from 50.5 to 240.6mg/100ml with a mean of $135.70{\pm}57.44mg/100ml$. 11. There was little difference in the concentrations of the various serum components between cow groups by birth countries and total cow group, except for SGOT activities, serum alkaline phosphatase activities, thymol turbidity of the Holstein cows from New Zealand.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.46
no.11
/
pp.1271-1277
/
2017
As Kamisipjeondaebotang (KSD) extract is an herbal ingredient, safety is very important due to possible cell poisoning or heavy metal toxicity to organs when administered to humans or animals. Accordingly, this study examined the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of KSD extract to confirm its medicinal safety by using RAW 264.7 cells after heavy metal screening, functional index test of the liver and kidney, and cell survival rate test. Heavy metals were not found in KSD extracts or were less than standard amounts. Liver function indices such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase revealed low values and kidney function indices such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were not significantly different from the normal group. This proved the safety to the human. RAW 264.7 cells showed no poisoning compared to the control group in terms of survival rate. Regarding the antioxidant effect of KSD extract, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity increased at concentrations over $10{\mu}g/mL$. The anti-inflammatory effect of KSD extract significantly decreased based on the amount of nitric oxide at concentrations of 10 and $100{\mu}g/mL$ compared to the control group. Expression of interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. There was no significant difference in tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ level. Based on the results, KSD can be regarded as a safe antioxidant with anti-inflammatory effects for fracture treatment.
Park, Myung-Won;Chun, Ho-Nam;Yun, Soong-Sub;Lee, Im-Sik;Cho, Jung-Hoon;Lee, Chang-Hoon;Jang, Jun-Bock;Lee, Kyung-Sub;Hwang, Deok-Sang
The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
/
v.19
no.4
/
pp.216-224
/
2006
Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang beverage on postpartum recovery and lactation. One theory of oriental medical treatment for postpartum care is focused on increasing vitality and building up blood. Saengwha-tang are representative remedies for these respective principle of treatment. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the clinical effects of Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang on blood components, Body weight, BMI and prolactin level in postpartum. Methods : 65 postpartum women applied for this study, and 30 of them were included in this study. They were divided two groups. The experimental group were treated by Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang beverage, the control group were treated by citron beverage during 40 days. Then we observed the changes of the body weight, BMI, complete blood cell count, liver function test, renal function test, level of serum prolactin, Urine analysis and general conditon Questionnaire among baseline(before treatment), 1st phase(after 20 days treatment) and 2nd phase(after 40 days treatment). Results : After taking Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang beverage, body weight, body water, edema index, prolactin ana general condtion became better, but they were not statistically significant. Conclusion : This study shows that Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang can improve postpartum recovery, but more research is needed.
Lee, Ah Young;Hwang, Bo Ra;Lee, Myoung Hee;Lee, Sanghyun;Cho, Eun Ju
Nutrition Research and Practice
/
v.10
no.3
/
pp.274-281
/
2016
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The accumulation of amyloid-${\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$) in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and plays a key role in cognitive dysfunction. Perilla frutescens var. japonica extract (PFE) and its major compound, rosmarinic acid (RA), have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We investigated whether administration of PFE and RA contributes to cognitive improvement in an $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male ICR mice were intracerebroventricularly injected with aggregated $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ to induce AD. $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mice were fed PFE (50 mg/kg/day) or RA (0.25 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and examined for learning and memory ability through the T-maze, object recognition, and Morris water maze test. RESULTS: Our present study demonstrated that PFE and RA administration significantly enhanced cognition function and object discrimination, which were impaired by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$, in the T-maze and object recognition tests, respectively. In addition, oral administration of PFE and RA decreased the time to reach the platform and increased the number of crossings over the removed platform when compared with the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced control group in the Morris water maze test. Furthermore, PFE and RA significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney, and liver. In particular, PFE markedly attenuated oxidative stress by inhibiting production of NO and MDA in the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PFE and its active compound RA have beneficial effects on cognitive improvement and may help prevent AD induced by $A{\beta}$.
Kim, Dong Hwan;Chun, Ho Nam;Cho, Jung-Hoon;Jang, Jun-Bock;Lee, Kyung-Sub
The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
/
v.18
no.1
/
pp.111-127
/
2005
Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang (MS) and Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang plus Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu (MS-C) on postpartum recovery and lactation. Materials and Methods : We used 18-week pregnant Spraque Dawley rats and administered the decoctions of MS and MS-C to rats once a day for 4 days or 8 days. Then we observed changes in the body weight of pup rats and complete blood cell count, liver function test, renal function test, mammary gland tissue, level of serum prolactin, ${\beta}-casein$ and WAP of postpartum rats. Result : A significant increase in body weight was observed in MS-C treated pup rats compared with in MS treated group. The levels of WBC and platelet from MS group and MS-C group were decreased compared with the control group. The levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit from MS group and MS-C group showed statistically significant increases compared with the control group. The levels of protein, albumin from MS group and MS-C group were increased compared with the control group. The levels of BUN, creatinine from MS group and MS-C group did not show statistically significant changes compared with the control group. The mammary gland tissues from MS group and MS-C group showed increased angiogenesis. The levels of serum prolactin from MS group and MS-C group were increased compared with the control group. The expression of ${\beta}-casein$ and WAP genes from postpartum rats treated with MS and MS-C was increased. Conclusion : This study shows that MS and MS-C improved postpartum recovery and lactation in rats.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness and safety of herbal medicine treatment for treating hyperthyroidism. Methods: We searched for randomized controlled trials of Hyperthyroidism treated with herbal medicine, published from January 2016 to May 2021, through electronic database such as Pubmed, EMBASE, China Academic Journal (CAJ). Interventions and results of the selected clinical studies were analyzed. Results: The 25 randomized controlled trials were finally included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Treatment group was treated with herbal medicine alone in 2 studies, and with herbal medicine and conventional medicine in 23 studies. Control group was treated with conventional medicine. Outcome measures are total efficacy rate, thyroid function test, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores, liver function test, recurrence rate, etc. Prunellae Spica (夏枯草) (60%) was the most frequently used herb in herbal medicine treatment. In all of 25 studies, treatment group was more effective and safer for hyperthyroidism than the control group. Conclusions: This study indicates that herbal medicine treatment alone or combined with conventional medicine treatment could be helpful in improving the therapeutic effect on hyperthyroidism and reducing side effects as well.
Purpose: To review the clinical and laboratory features of patients with Wilson disease at diagnosis. Methods: In this retrospective study, records of all 20 patients, who were diagnosed as having Wilson disease at the Paik hospital in Busan from 1990 to 2000, were reviewed. Results: Out of 20 patients, 12 pateints (60%) have hepatic presentation alone, 2 patients (10%) have neurologic presentation, 4 patients (20%) have hepatic and neuropsychiatric presentation, and one patient (5%) has hematologic presentation at diagnosis. One patient (5%) has neither symptom nor laboratory finding of Wilson disease except very low serum ceruloplasmin level and positive family history. Family screening test revealed 3 cases of Wilson disease. 12 patients were revealed to be combined with liver cirrhosis at diagnosis. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment is very important in patients with Wilson disease. Children or adolescents who manifest symptoms of hepatitis, who has prolonged elevation of liver enzymes, and has family history of hapatitis of unknown origin, with mild hematologic or urinary abnormalities must be suspected to have Wilson disease. Also, in adolescents with extrapyramidal symptoms or other neuropsychiatric symptoms, liver function test should be done.
Objectives: Obesity is becoming more popular disease worldwide. Because of the side effects of conventional obesity treatment modality, herbal medicine treatment is becoming more preferred. Gambihwan which including Ephedra sinica Staph is widely used in traditional Korean Medicine practice for obesity treatment. Garcinia cambogia is a kind of health functional food that has body fat reducing effect. Nowadays, ephedra and Garcinia cambogia are often used simultaneously in clinical practice of Korean Medicine. However, the effectiveness and safety of combination therapy in obesity treatment is not well established. Methods: We conducted retrospective observational study to explore effectiveness and safety of combination therapy. We evaluated effect of combined treatment of Gambihwan and Garcinia cambogia on body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and waist hip ratio reduction. We also assessed safety via liver function test and adverse event. Results: Finally, 23 patients were included. In paired t-test, body weight significantly decreased from 64.50±14.50 kg to 62.94±13.85 kg (P<0.001) and body mass index were also significantly decreased from 24.43±3.79 kg/㎡ to 23.83±3.59 kg/㎡ (P<0.001). Body fat mass was also reduced. Aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly increased. There were no drug-induced liver injury and no severe adverse event. Conclusions: In our retrospective review, we found combination therapy of Gambihwan and Garcinia cambogia reduce body weight, body mass index and body fat mass. There were no severe adverse event and drug induced liver injury which indicated safety of combination therapy in obesity treatment.
Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Yanghyuljanggeungunbo-tang(Yangxuezhuangjinjianbu-tang, YGKT) and electrical acupuncture treatment in spinal cord injury(SCI)-induced rats. Methods : The subjects were divided into 5 groups ; Normal, Control-no treatment after SCI, Experimental I(Exp. I)-taken with YGKT 500 mg/kg $0.5m{\ell}$ daily after SCI. Experimental II(Exp. II)-taken with electrical acupuncture after SCI and Experimental III(Exp. III)-taken with YGKT 500 mg/kg $0.5m{\ell}$ and electrical acupuncture after SCI. After each operation, the present author observed cytological changes, the motor behavior recovery and nerve regeneration by analysis of the motor behavior tests, EMG, hematological(AST, ALT, WBC), histological and immunological changes. Rats were tested by Motor behavior test at 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day. Results : 1. All the experimental groups were improved compared with control group in the motor behavior tests including Tarlov test, Basso-Beattle-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale, modified inclined plane test, open field test, grid walk test and narrow beam test. Especially Exp. III was significantly improved among other groups. 2. In EMG test, H and M wave were significantly increased in Exp. III. 3. All the experimental groups were significantly decreased compared with control group in AST, ALT and WBC. 4. NGF, BDNF and Trk B of spinal cord gray matter in all the experimental groups were increased compared with control group. Especially, Exp. III was more effective. 5. In histological observations, muscle contraction and denaturation of gastrocnemius muscle of all the experimental groups were inhibited. Especially, those of Exp. III was more effective. On the observations of liver and kidney, cell atrophy and apoptosis of all the experimental groups were decreased compared with control group. Especially, those of Exp. III was more effective. Conclusions : It can be suggested that YGKT and electrical acupuncture may improve motor behavior, EMG, hematological, histological and immunological findings in SCI-induced rats. Especially, combination of these two treatments will be somewhat better in spinal nerve recovery and motor function improvement.
이메일무단수집거부
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.