• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of normal diet with or without naringin supplement on the lipid and antioxidant metabolism in ethanol-treated rats for a short tenn. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n=10), which were assigned to one of three dietary categories : $E_8$ : ethanol diet for 8 wks, $E_4N_4$ : ethanol diet for the first 4 wks and normal diet for the last 4 wks, $E_4Nna_4$ : ethanol diet for the first 4 wks and normal diet with naringin supplement for the last 4 wks. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in ethanol fed rats for 8 weeks. The HDL-C/total-C ratios of the $E_4N_4$ and the $E_4Nna_4$ groups were significantly higher than that of the $E_8$ group, while the atherogenic index was lower in the $E_4N_4$ and the $E_4Nna_4$ groups than in the $E_8$ group. The $E_4N_4$ and $E_4Nna_4$ diets significantly lowered both the hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to the $E_8$ group. Accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets was observed to be the highest in the $E_8$ group. In the current study, the naringin supplement to normal diet significantly lowered both the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities in ethanol pre-treated rats for 4 weeks. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also upregulated when ethanol feeding was ceased. Naringin supplement given for 4 weeks after ethanol cessation resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipids and plasma TBARS as well as the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities compared to the rats given ethanol diet for the entire 8 weeks. Replacement of normal diet following a short tenn ethanol feeding was effective for the recovery of ethanol-induced fatty liver and for normalizing plasma and hepatic lipid profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities, regardless of an additional phytochemical supplement, naringin. The effect of naringin could seemingly be more evident if its supplementation period had been extended longer than 4 weeks after ethanol cessation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2003

The antioxidative activity of antioxidative substances produced from several bacterial strains isolated from fermented foods were tested by $DPPH\;({\alpha},{\alpha}'-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl)$ free radical scavenging activity. One of the strains showing the highest antioxidative activity was identified as Bacillus sp. based on the morphological, biochemical, physiological characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequence, and named FF-7. The most optimal medium condition for the production of antioxidative substance from Bacillus sp. FF-7 was 2% galactose as carbon source and l% tryptone as nitrogen source. The antioxidative substance produced from FF-7 in these cultural medium was also tested by in vitro experimental models, the peruxidation of linoleic acid and the peroxidation of rat tissues microsomes by using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) for assay of free malondialdehyde production. The antioxidative activity against lipid peroxidation of rat tissues microsomes was shown in the following order; brain 97.50% > heart 79.95% > kidney 77.84% > spleen 77.47% > testis 69.96% > liver 62.45%. The antioxidative substance produced from FF-7 on linoleic acid peroxidation by IBA method was effectively inhibited during four days, and 0.05% BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) used comparative control was also effectively inhibited. Results showed that the highest antioxidative activity by DPPH method of antioxidative substance produced from Bacillus sp. FF-7 was obtained by supplementing 2% galactose as carton source and l% tryptone as nitrogen source in cultured medium, this substance effectively inhibited the formation of TBARS in brain microsome in vit개 system and in linoleic acid peroxidation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.191-195
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• 2009

We assessed the effect of surimi gel, which is prepared from the king oyster mushroom (pleurotus eryngii) and cuttlefish meat paste (KCP) on lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity in high-cholesterol-fed rats. Three groups of 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on a diet containing 1 g cholesterol/kg for 6 weeks. We administered only a high-cholesterol diet to the control group, one group was fed on surimi gel containing cuttlefish paste and king oyster mushrooms, and another group was fed with general boiled fish meat paste (GFP), which is commonly sold in marketplaces. Plasma and hepatic lipid profiles were measured, and the antioxidant status of the liver was assessed. The plasma triglyceride concentration did not differ significantly among the groups. Supplementation with KCP resulted in lower plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations and atherogenic index as compared to the control group and GFP, whereas the plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration was elevated. Moreover, the KCP-supplemented animals evidenced greater bile acid excretion. The KCP groups evidenced significantly lower plasma and hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acidreactive substances as compared to the control group. Besides, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase and superoxide dismutase, were significantly higher in the KCP group. In conclusion, KCP was quite effective in improving the lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress by upregulating the hepatic antioxidant enzymes in high-cholesterol-fed rats.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.222-231
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• 2008

This study was carried out to develop a method for decreasing the heavy metal composition of living stock. Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were pre-treated with heavy metals administered i.p. at the limits of regulation according to the feed CODEX in Korea. Herbal medicine remnant was administered p.o. (2, 4 ppm of average feeding amount) for the entire period of study with organic selenium (2 ppm of average feeding amount) before any other treatment. 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was also administered i.p. in a single dose of 60 mg/kg body weight before animals were sacrificed. The TBARS test with the FOX assay demonstrates a decrease of heavy metals due to these functional materials in vitro. Moreover, this decrease in heavy metals was also demonstrated by in vivo tests based on SD rats hair analysis and organ analysis after 6 weeks. A good linear correlation between hair analysis and organ analysis represented by liver and blood was shown. The present findings suggest that measurement method of heavy metal composition using hair analysis for healthy livestock can be used in place of detection methods carried out by organ and blood analysis, and herbal medicines with organic selenium may be very effective at decreasing heavy metals of feed materials in feed manufacture industry.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.577-584
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• 2015

Orostachys malacophyllus grow on the old roofing tile or on the rock of mountain and is belong to Crassulaceae family. After air drying for Orostachys malacophyllus (OM), using the mixture of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus) was fermented (FOM). OM and FOM extracted using water (W), ethanol (E) and methanol (M) and were measured extracts yield, pH and Brix. Extracted OM and FOM were tested by in vitro experimental models of α,α´-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, Fe/Cu reducing power, linoleic acid peroxidation using ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods and peroxidation of rat liver homogenate. In addition, the bioactive materials (phenolic compounds, flavonoids and minerals) were measured. The highest phenolic compounds and flavonoids were OME 122.2 mg/100 g and OME 84.0 mg/100 g. OM and FOM′s major minerals were K, Ca and Mg. The highest free radical scavenging activity showed in FOMM (93.9%), OMM (93.4%), FOME (92.1%) and OME (91.9%) at 0.5% additional level. Fe reducing powers were strong in FOME and FOMM and Cu reducing powers were strong in OME and FOMM. Antioxidant activities on lipid peroxidation using rat homogenate as measured by TBARS method showed strong in FOME and on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid as measured by ferric TBA method showed strong in OME and FOME and measured by ferric thiocyanate showed strong in FOME and FOMM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of dandelion water extract (DWE) on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifty rats were divided into 5 groups; normal control (C), DWE-control (DWE-C: saline injection after feeding 3% DWE diet), GalN-control (GalN-C: GalN injection after normal diet), DWE I (GalN injection after feeding 1.5% DWE diet), and DWE II (GalN injection after feeding 3% DWE diet). After 2 weeks, the acute hepatitis was induced by GalN (650 mg/kg, i.p.) and 24 hrs later, all rats were sacrificed. The DWE supplement ameliorated the serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, ALT) as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$. Hepatic antioxidative enzyme activities, such as catalase, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) were slightly or significantly elevated by the treatment of DWE. Moreover, the histological examination corresponded with these biochemical observations. According to these findings, dandelion could be used as a potential therapeutic material for treating chemically induced acute hepatitis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry fruit, mulberry leaves and silkworm powder with different mixing ratios on hepatic antioxidative system and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing $100{\pm}10g$ were induced diabetic by 50 mg/kg bw streptozotocin and randomly assigned to following experimental groups; normal diet group (DM), 0.3% and 0.6% mulberry fruit diet groups (F and 2F), 0.3% mulberry leaves diet group (M), 0.3% silkworm powder diet group (S), 0.15% mulberry fruit+0.15% mulberry leaves diet group (FM), 0.15% mulberry fruit+0.15% silkworm powder diet group (FS), 0.1 % mulberry fruit+0.1 % mulberry leaves+0.1% silkworm powder diet group (FMS). The experimental diets were fed for 4 weeks. Hepatic SOD activity was not changed significantly by any of single or combined supplementations of mulberry fruit, leaves and silkworm powder but GSH-px and catalase activities were increased by the groups supplemented with two or three of the test ingredients (FM, FS, FMS) as compared with the DM group. Hepatic TBARS value was not reduced significantly by any of the supplementations but lipofuscin contents were significantly reduced in the FM, FS and FMS groups as compared with the DM group. Hepatic mitochondria and microsomal carbonyl values were reduced by the single and combined supplementations of the test ingredients. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities were increased in the all supplementation groups as compared with the DM group. Hepatic total lipid and triglyceride contents were increased but cholesterol contents reduced in the supplemented groups. The effects on the enzyme activities, peroxide or its products and lipid contents were most remarkable in the FMS group. In conclusion, mulberry fruit, mulberry leaves and silkworm powder have the favorable effects on antioxidative system and lipid metabolism in the diabetic liver and the mulberry fruit, leaves and silkworm powder with equal ratio exert the synergistic effect expectedly to prevent diabetic complications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1058-1064
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea on hepatic antioxidative defense system and recovery of muscle fatigue in rat after aerobic exercise. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150$\pm$ 10 g were randomly assigned to one normal (N) group and aerobic exercise training groups. Exercise training groups were classified into two groups: training (T) group and green tea (TG) group which were supplemented the distilled water and green tea extracts by dringking water during experimental periods, respectively. The experimental rats in exercise training groups (T and TG) ran on a treadmill 30 min/day at a speed of 28 m/min (7% incline) 5 days/week or were cage confined (Normal group) for 4 weeks. And rats were sacrificed with an overdose of pentobarbital injection just after running. Hepatic xanthine oxidase (XOD) activities were not significantly different among three groups. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in T group was no significant difference from N group, but those of TG groups were significantly increased, compared with that of T group. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) activites of TG groups showed a similar tendency to that of normal group, but it was increased to 20% in TG group, compared with normal group. The reduced glutathione (GSH) contents in liver was not significantly different from that of any three group. The oxidized glutathione (GSSG) contents in T group was increased to 69%, compared with the normal group, but TG group significantly decreased, compared with the T group. The ratio of GSH/GSSG in liver of T group was lower than that of normal group, but those of TG group was a similar tendency to that of normal group. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) in T group was increased to 52%, compared with that of normal group but those of TG group were recovered the normal level. Contents of hepatic glycogen in T group were decreased to 23% compared with those of normal group, while that of TG group was the same as normal levels. The contents of serum lactic acid in T group were increased to 261%, compared with normal group, but those of TG group maintained the normal level by green tea supplementations. In conclusion, the effects of green tea in exercise training rats would appear to reduce peroxidation of tissue as an antioxidative defense mechanism and promote recovery of muscle fatigue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1177-1183
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• 2001

This study was done to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Cassia semen (Cassia tora L.) on the activities of hepatic oxygen free radicals metabolizing enzymes and blood lipid profile in rats of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100~160 g were divides into 5 groups; control grouts (CON), Cassia semen ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg) treated group (CEL), ethanol (10 mL/kg, 35%) treated group (ETH), Cassia semen ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg) and ethanol treated group (CE1 ) and Cassia semen ethanol extracts (400 mg/kg ) and ethanol treated group (CE2), respectively. Compared with ETH, the growth rate of CE1 and CE2 were to be increased tendency, and in blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and the activities of alanine aminotranferase and asparate aminotranferase elevated by ethanol were significantly decreased (p<0.05). It was observed that the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, xanthine oxidase and glutathione peroxidase of rat liver increased by ethanol, were more decreased by the treatment of Cassia semen ethanol extract than the only ethanol-treated group. The content of glutathione depleted by ethanol treatment was increased in CE1 and CE2. TBA-reactants of liver increased by ethanol were decreased in CE1 and CE2, compared with ethanol-treated group. These results suggested that ethanol extract of Cassia semen may influence upon the ability of oxygen free radical detoxication and lowering of blood lipid level on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.488-495
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible antioxidant effect of Spirodela polyrhiza (SP) on rats fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet supplemented with either 5% (SPA group) or 10% (SPB group) SP for 4 weeks. The hepatic SOD activity of the HF group significantly decreased compared to that of the N group, but that of the SPA and SPB groups significantly increased. The GPx activity of the SPA and SPB groups in the liver was significantly greater than that of the HF group, and the hepatic catalase activity of the SPA and SPB groups significantly increased compared to the HF group. The hepatic superoxide radical content of the mitochondria and microsomes of the HF group significantly increased compared to that of the N group, but the contents were reduced in the group that took SP powder. The hepatic hydrogen peroxide content in the cytosol and mitochondria of the SP powder group was lower than in the HF group. The carbonyl content in the mitochondria and microsomes of the SPA and SPB groups was significantly lower than in the HF group. The TBARS values in the liver significantly decreased in the SPA and SPB groups. Spirodela polyrhiza was thus effective in reducing oxidative stress by regulating the hepatic antioxidant enzymes and the free radicals in rats fed high fat and high cholesterol diets.