• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.251-260
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• 1994

Pseudotsuga menziesii 임상에서 질화작용의 억제제로서의 monoterpenoids의 역할을 연구하고자 토양에서의 질화작용과 식물체잎, 낙엽 및 무기토양에서의 monoterpenoids의 함량을 분석하였다. Pseudotsuga menziesii잎이나 임상에서 분석된 monoterpenoids는 대략 16종 이었으며, 그 중 ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene 그리고 terpenolene이 대표적인 것들이었다. 임상에 있는 monoterpenoids의 양은 무기토양층에 비해 항상 많았으며, 계절적 변이가 있었으나 토양층은 항상 일정하였다. 질화작용 과정 중 ammonium oxidation 과정은 낙엽층이 보다 더 많은 저해를 받았으나, nitrite oxidation 과정은 두층별간 별 차이가 없었다. 또한 4가지 monoterpenoids(${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, terpenolene)를 인위적으로 첨가한 토양에서의 질화작용에 역시 am-monium oxidation 과정은 심히 저해를 받는 반면 nitrite oxidation 과정은 저해를 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 모든 결과들은 Pseudotsuga menziesii 임상에 있는 monoterpenoids의 영향으로 질화작용에 관여하는 미생물, 특히 Nitrosomonas europaes의 증식이 억제되어 am-monium oxidation 과정이 저해되었음을 시사한다.

• 한국토양동물학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.78-90
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• 1998

This study was carried out from May 1993 to October 1994 to examine diversity of oribatid mites in Namsan and Kwangreung coniferous forests, which were considered to receive different degrees of environmental pressures. Also, environmental factors (pH of soil and rainfall, litter depth, organic matter) were recorded in the two forests. The pH of soil and rainfall were not different between the two forests, but litter depth and organic matter were significantly higher in Namsan than in Kwangreung (p<0.05). The dominant families (>5% of the total densities) were Scheloribatidae(27.3%), Galumnidae(13.4%), Oppiidae (9.9%), Hypochthonidae(7.6%), Suctobelbidae(6.6%), Euphthiracaridae(5.9%) in Namsan and Ceratozetidae(25.9%), Mycobatidae (14.2%), Oppiidae(14.2%), Galumnidae(11.4%), Astegistidae(8.7%) in Kwangreung. The numbers of species were significantly higher in Kwangreung (103 spp.) than in Namsan (74 spp.)(p<0.05). The total densities of oribatid mites were more abundant in Kwangreung (8,709 ind.) than in Namsan (5,899 ind.) and the difference was significant for density in litter layer (p<0.05).

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.67-78
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• 1987

This study was executed to measure the user\`s impact natural environment in National Park Campsite. Therefore, we choose Mt. Chiak National Park and the campsite in the district of Temple Ku-Ryong as a model of analysis, which is made by ecological approach, the number of the user has influence on the environment near the campsite. The result are as follows : 1. The more the number of users becomes, the more Na, Ca, Mg ion concentration and pH in the soil increase and the less K ion becomes. 2. Litter and humus depth, litter coverage, herb coverage, soil hardness, the surface of the ground layer and tree species numbers, density and coverage of lower layer shows a sensitive reaction to the number of the users. 3. The research shows that the tolerant trees against campsite impact are Lespedeza maximowiczii, Zanthoxylum schinifolium Staphylea bumalda, Smilax sieboldii, Quercus aliena, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Weigela subsessilis and Securinega suffruticosa, and the sensitive trees are Stephanandra incisa, Rubus trichocarpa, Rubus crataegifolius, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Styrax obassia, Acer palmatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron suhlippenbachii, Rhus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. 4. The high density of the users made the simplication of a vegetation structure. So, as the number of the user increase the species showed severe heterogeniety between the heavy-use and nonuse site. 5. As considering the landscape management about campsite and surrounding area on the way of analysis of national landscape aspect and succession sere according to ecological aspect, it may be desirable that Pinus densiflora forest be conserved as Pinus densiflora landscape and mixed forest produce natural scenery with succession sere.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2007

The organic carbon (OC) distribution of Pinus densiflora forest in Songgye valley at Mt. Worak National Park were studied as a part of the National Long-Term Ecological Research in Korea. In order to investigate the OC distribution, OC in plant biomass, litterfall, litter layer on forest floor, and soil were estimated. The density of P. densiflora forest was 1,300 trees/ha, average DBH was $15.2{\pm}6.17\;cm$ and average tree height was $10.7{\pm}2.56\;m$. The shrub layer was dominated by shrubby Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus sieboldiana and lndigofera kirilowii with low frequency, and herb layer was dominated by Pteridium aquilinum and Miscanthus sinensis. Total amount of OC stored in this pine forest was 142.78 ton C/ha. Organic carbon stored in soil and plant biomass accounted for 59.2% and 37.8%, respectively. Amount of OC distributed in trees, shrubs, herbs and litter layer in this pine forest was 51.79, 2.03, 0.12 and 4.29 ton C/ha, respectively. Amount of OC returned to forest floor via litterfall was $1.50\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$. Soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased along the soil depth. Total amount of SOC within 50cm soil depth was $84.55\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;50\;cm-depth^{-1}$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.400-420
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• 2019

The aims of the study were to analyze (1) the effects of Prosopis juliflora (Prosopis) on the spatial distribution and soil seed banks (SSB) diversity and density, (2) the effects of environmental factors on SSB diversity and density (number of seeds in the soil per unit area), and (3) the effects of animal fecal droppings on SSB diversity, density, and dispersal. Aboveground vegetation data were collected from different Prosopis-infested habitats from quadrats (20 × 20 m) in Prosopis thickets, Prosopis + native species stand, non-invaded woodlands, and open grazing lands. In each Prosopis-infested habitats, soil samples were collected from the litter layer and three successive soil layer, i.e., 0-3 cm, 3-6 cm, and 6-9 cm. Seeds from soil samples and animal fecal matter were separated in the green house using the seedling emergence technique. Invasion of Prosopis had significant effects on the soil seed bank diversity. Results revealed that the mean value of the Shannon diversity of non-invaded woodlands was being higher by 19.2%, 18.5%, and 11.0% than Prosopis thickets; Prosopis + native species stand and open grazing lands, respectively. The seed diversity and richness, recovered from 6-9-cm-deep layer were the highest. On the other hand, the density of Prosopis seeds was the highest in the litter layer. About 156 of seeds/kg (92.9%) of seeds were germinated from cattle fecal matter. However, in a small proportion of seedlings, 12 of seeds/kg (7.1%) were germinated from shot fecal matter. Thus, as the seeds in the soil were low in the study areas, in situ and ex situ conservation of original plants and reseeding of persistent grass species such as Cynodon dactylon, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon plumulosus, and Brachiaria ramosa are recommended.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2001

이 연구는 "국유림 경영 현대화 산학 협동 실연 연구"의 일환으로 강원도 평창군 가리왕산 일대 천연활엽수림을 대상으로, 주요 수종별 천연갱신 특성을 평가하여 연구대상 산림의 전반적인 천연갱신에 대한 종합적인 생태적 정보를 제공하고자 실시되었다. 수종별 천연갱신 특성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 거제수나무 : 비산되는 종자이므로 종자 공급에는 문제가 없으나, 종자 발아를 위해서 노출된 광물질토양이 필요하며, 두꺼운 낙엽층은 종자 발아를 제한한다. 발아 후 갱신치수는 다량의 광선을 필요로 한다. 고로쇠나무 : 내음성은 강하나, 치수의 내건성이 약하므로 50% 이상의 피음을 요구하며, 우량 형질의 임목 조성을 위해 높은 초기 밀도를 유지하여야 한다. 맹아정신력은 높다. 난티나무 : 수분 요구도가 높고 내음성이 약하므로 60% 가량의 상층 울폐도를 유지하여 보습과 광선유입이 원활하여야 하며, 치수 활착을 위해서 관목류 및 기타 식생으로부터 경쟁 요인을 제거한다. 들메나무 : 종자 발아를 위해 광물질 토양의 노출이 필수적이며, 치수 활착을 위해서 다량의 수분과 광선이 요구되고, 지피식생에 의한 치수의 피압이 우려되므로 임지정리작업 도입이 필수적이다. 물푸레나무 : 종자 결실의 풍흉이 심하며, 두꺼운 낙엽층은 종자발아를 제한한다. 치수 활착시 지피식생에 의한 피압이 우려되므로 임지정리작업의 도입이 필수적이다. 신갈나무 : 종자공급의 문제(설치류에 의한 피해) 및 두꺼운 낙엽층 및 조릿대 밀생 지역에서는 종자발아가 제한되며, 치수 발생 후, 임관의 50% 이상을 열어줄 필요가 있고, 맹아갱신력이 높다. 음나무 : 두꺼운 낙엽층은 종자발아를 제한하며, 유령목 생육에 다량의 광선이 요구된다. 젓나무 : 내음성은 강하나, 유령목 단계에서 생육은 극히 저조하다. 층층나무 : 동물에 의해서 종자가 산포되지만 종자 피해는 불가피하며, 발아와 치수 활착을 위해서 다량의 광선이 요구된다. 피나무 : 종자 충실률이 낮고 이중 휴면성 때문에 종자 공급에 어려움이 있으며, 두꺼운 낙엽층은 종자발아의 걸림이 되므로 광물질 토양이 필요하고, 맹아갱신력이 매우 높다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2018

Azo dyes containing effluents from different industries pose threats to the environment. Though there are physico-chemical methods to treat such effluents, bioremediation is considered to be the best eco-compatible technique. In this communication, we discuss the decolorization potentiality of five azo dyes by Podoscypha elegans (G. Mey.) Pat., a macro-fungus, found growing on the leaf-litter layer of Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengal, India. The fungus exhibited high laccase and very low manganese peroxidase activities under different culture conditions. Decolorization of five high-molecular weight azo dyes, viz., Orange G, Congo Red, Direct Blue 15, Rose Bengal and Direct Yellow 27 by the fungus was found to be positive in all cases. Maximum and minimum mean decolorization percentages were recorded in Rose Bengal (70.41%) and Direct Blue 15 (24.8%), respectively. This is the first record of lignolytic study and dye decolorization by P. elegans.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제110권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2021

소나무재선충병 피해목을 모두베기하거나 미피해 곰솔을 잔존하고 편백을 수하식재 한 15년생 편백 조림지를 대상으로 1년 동안(2018년 12월~2019년 12월) 낙엽·낙지에 의한 탄소 및 질소 유입량을 조사하였다. 편백의 평균 흉고직경은 모두베기구가 12.10 cm로 수하식재구의 9.42 cm에 비해 유의적으로 크게 나타났다. 편백 낙엽의 유기탄소 및 질소 농도는 모두베기구나 수하식재구 사이에 유의적인 차이(P > 0.05)가 없었으나, 낙엽의 C/N비는 8월~10월에 유입된 낙엽이 93으로 12월~3월 사이에 유입된 낙엽의 143보다 유의적으로 낮았다. 낙엽·낙지 구성 성분의 탄소 농도는 곰솔 가지, 편백 낙엽, 곰솔 낙엽 등의 탄소 농도가 활엽수나 기타 물질에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며, 질소 농도는 활엽수 잎, 편백 녹엽(green leaf), 기타 물질 등이 편백 낙엽이나 곰솔 가지 등에 비해 높은 농도를 보였다. C/N비는 곰솔 낙엽과 편백 낙엽이 기타 물질, 편백 녹엽, 활엽수 낙엽 등에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 편백 낙엽에 의한 유기탄소 및 질소 유입량은 모두베기구가 773 kg C ha-1 yr-1와 6.95 kg N ha-1 yr-1로 수하식재구 78 kg C ha-1 yr-1와 0.70 kg N ha-1 yr-1에 비해 유의적으로 많은 양이 유입되었다. 그러나 총 유기탄소 및 질소 유입량은 수하식재구 3,765 kg C ha-1 yr-1와 47.6 kg N ha-1 yr-1, 모두 베기구 1,290 kg C ha-1 yr-1와 17.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1로 수하식재구가 상층 곰솔의 낙엽·낙지 유입으로 인하여 3배 정도 많았다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 모두베기구에 조성된 편백의 흉고직경 생장은 수하식재구에 비해 양호하였으나, 낙엽·낙지에 의한 탄소 및 질소 유입량은 상당히 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2017

Background: In order to investigate organic carbon distribution, carbon budget, and cycling of the subalpine forest, we studied biomass, organic carbon distribution, litter production, forest floor litter, accumulated soil organic carbon, and soil respiration in Taxus cuspidata forest in Halla National Park from February 2012 to November 2013. Biomass was calculated by using allometric equation and the value was converted to $CO_2$ stocks. Results: The amount of plant organic carbon was $13.60ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ in 2012 and $14.29ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ in 2013. And average organic carbon introduced to forest floor through litter production was $0.71ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. Organic carbon distributed in forest floor litter layer was $0.73ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ on average and accumulated organic carbon in soil was $51.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ on average. In 2012, Amount of released $CO_2$ from soil to atmosphere was 10.93 ton $CO_2ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. Conclusions: The net ecosystem production based on the difference between net primary production of organic carbon and soil respiration was $-1.74ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ releasing more carbon than it absorbed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권5_3호
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• pp.649-663
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• 1998

The clarify the ecological properties, and to predict change of understory vegetation of mt. Nam Park, population dynamics and interspecific competition of D. smilacinum and D. viridescens, which grow in understory of deciduous broad-leaved forest and pseudo-annuals, were studied from May 20 to May 30 1998. The depth of litter layer, soil moisture content, soil organic matter and soil texture were surveyed in 18 populations (15 D. smilacinum populations and 3 D. viridescens populations). Mean litter layer of d. smilacimum population was thinner than that of D. viridescens populations). Mean litter layer of D. smilacnum population was thinner than that of D. viridescens population. The contents of soil moisture and organic matter of D. smilacinum population were lower than that of D. viridescens population. The D. smilacinum growed in broad range of soil texture but D. viridescens in loamy soil. Because D. smilacinum could tolerate more broad range of soil moisture and soil texture than D. viridescens, the former covered the herb layer in earlier stage and the latter introduced in later stage when rhizome could grow easily. The numbers of individual in two marginal parts were smaller than that in center in same D. smilacinum patch. And the total numbers of individuals grown in (10 ${\times}$ 10)cm were from 0 to 12. The rhizome (subterranean runner) weight, rhizome length, root weight, shoot weight, lea weight and leaf number per subquadrat (cell) increased along the number of individual, that is, increased from marginal part to center. But rhizome weight and rhizome length per individual were vice versa. Therefore, the individuals in marginal part reproduced longer and stronger asexual propagules than that in center. The distribution pattern of D. smilacinum was contageous and that of D. viridescens was random or regular. Therefore, population growth of former was independent on density and that of latter was dependent on density. The distributions of size-class showed normal curves in two population, but the curves based on data of total dry weight showed positive skewness and those of leaf number showed negative skewness The correlation coefficient (CC) values between the properties of each organ were high in two population and significant at 0.1% level. The CC values of D. viridescens were higher of the two. Therefore, the former allocated the energy to each organ stable. The rhizome depth of d. viridescens was 2 times deeper than that of D. smilacinum. And rhizome length and weight of D. viridescens were longer (2 times) or heavier (4 times) than those of D. smilacinum. The patch size of D. viridescens increased 60 cm per year and that of D. smilacinum 30 cm. On this results, the intrinsic increase velocity of d. viridescens patch was 2 times faster than that of d. smilacinum, therefore, on the competition, the former had an advantage over D. smilacinum. The reason why d. viridescens defeated D. smilacinum resulted from that the leaf area of former was 4 times broader than that of latter. in Mt. Nam Park, it was thought that two disporum Population would change with the 3 thpes of environmental change as followings. First, no human impact and increase of soil moisture content resulted in increase of D. viridescens population. Second, mild human impact and similar condition of soil moisture content resulted in slow increase or no changes of D. smilacinum and d. viridescens population. Third, severe human impact and dry condition resulted in decrease or vanishment of two disporum populations.