• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.979-984
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• 2008

The stems of P etasites japonicus were extracted with ethanol and then partitioned with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water, successively. The antioxidant potency of five crude fractions were determined using (1) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, (2) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay in the linoleic acid model system, and (3) lipoxygenase inhibition assay. Among the crude fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most potent antioxidant effect. By activity-guided fractionation, compound PJ-4 was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction through the repeated silica gel open column chromatography. The chemical structure of the isolated compound was determined as kaempferol by $^1H-$ and $^{13}C$-NMR analysis and its antioxidative capacity was further investigated. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the compound was 65.76% at the concentration of $100 \;{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibitory activity of the compound against lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase exhibited 43.47% and 58.60%, respectively at the concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. The result suggests that the compound may serve as a useful natural antioxidant and furthermore indicates the possibility of developing the stems of Petasites japonicus as a natural antioxidant source.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.837-843
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• 2013

Sasa borealis is a major source of bamboo leaves used for traditional medicine in Korea. Obesity is a serious health problem in industrialized countries that has been implicated in various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and coronary heart disease. Recent reports have proposed mechanisms to reduce obesity by decreasing preadipocyte differentiation, and proliferation in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte. The preadipocytes play a key role by differentiation into mature adipocytes and increasing fat mass. In this study, we investigated whether ethanol-soluble extracts and ethyl acetate-soluble fractions from Sasa borealis inhibits intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets in a dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 cells (an important model system for studying adipogenesis). The down-regulation of PPAR${\gamma}$ and C/EBP${\alpha}$ (key adipogenic transcription factors) were confirmed by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions from Sasa borealis attenuated the expression of PPAR${\gamma}$ and C/EBP${\alpha}$. These results suggest that Sasa borealis inhibits adipogenic differentiation by regulating adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, Sasa borealis extracts may be a good candidate for the management of obesity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effect of 80% ethanol extracts from Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (A. acutiloba Kitagawa) in vitro. The extract was further fractionated subsequently by n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, n-butanol and water. Antioxidative activities of different fractions were examined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical generation, Rancimat test, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, nitrite scavenging activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and peroxide value (POV) in linoleic acid in comparison with the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). Antioxidant activities of n-hexane fraction of Angelico acutiloba Kitagawa ethanol extract were the highest among fractions and were a little less than that of BHT. Nitrite scavenging activity showed the most remarkable effect at pH 12. These results suggest that ethanol extracts of A. acutiloba Kitagawa can be used in natural antioxidant source.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.308-312
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• 2000

The major fatty acids in the Zanthoxylum schinifolium seed oil were eicosenoic acid 30.88%, oleic acid 29.94%, linoleic acid 23.55% and palmitic acid 10.52%. Fatty acid profiles in the each lipid fractions by TLC of the Z. schinifolium seed oil showed the highest composition of eicosenoic acid in triglyceride fraction and oleic acid in other fractions. Mice (ddY male strain) being starved for 24 hr were injected into gastric directly 500 mg of the Z. schinifolium seed oil, and then blood samples were obtained 0, 3 and 6 hr after dosing. In our results, eicosenoic acid appeared to be significantly increased in the serum obtained from 3 and 6 hr after injection of the Z. schinifolium seed oil. In the control mice, however, the serum samples did not exhibited any change of the Z. schinifolium seed oil. Interestingly, eicosenoic acid was significantly increased in the liver of 6 hr mice after injection. In conclusion, eicosenoic acid was the major fatty acid in the Z. schinifolium seed oil, and this fatty acid was significantly increased in the serum obtained 3 and 6 hr after injection in mice.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.326-335
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• 2010

The concentration of phenolics in Phellinus pini (CY001) extracts, expressed as mg of GAEs per g of P. pini fractions, and the EtOAc fraction (436.5 mg GAEs/g) of P. pini had a higher phenolic content than other fractions. Several biochemical assays were used to screen antioxidant properties such as reducing power, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, NBT/XO superoxide system and inhibition of DCF/AAPH peroxyl radicals. Among the six mushroom extracts, the EtOAc fraction from P. pini (CY001) showed the most potent DPPH radical, superoxide radical, and peroxyl radical scavenging activities, with $IC_{50}$ values of $11.49\;{\mu}g/ml$, $8.32\;{\mu}g/ml$, and $1.91\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The EtOAc fraction of P. pini (CY001) significantly inhibited enzymatic lipid peroxidation and effectively attenuated LPS-induced NO production of RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. We also found that the EtOAc fraction had a significant hepato-protectant effect on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that P. pini (CY001) may have potential as a natural antioxidant, which contains compound(s) with radical scavenging activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1330-1338
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• 2012

Solvent extracts of Theobroma cacao L. (TCL) were investigated for anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in order to consider TCL as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. TCL(A) extract was fractioned according to polarity with $CHCl_3$, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and water. Following TCL(A) fractionation, the electron-donating ability of the n-BuOH and EtOAc solvent fractions (each 100 ${\mu}g/ml$) was about 76.2% and 53.9%, respectively. The superoxide anion radical inhibitory effect of the n-BuOH and EtOAc solvent fractions (each 50 ${\mu}g/ml$) was about 76.09% and 51.4%, respectively. Results of lipid oxidation showed that $Fe^{2+}$ had a greater chelating effect than $Cu^{2+}$. The $Fe^{2+}$ chelating effect of the EtOAc solvent fraction (50 ${\mu}g/ml$) was about 64%. Hyaluronidase inhibition related to the anti-inflammatory effect was 53.0% with EtOAc at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, while the lipoxygenase inhibitory effect was about 51.32% at 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. The anti-inflammatory activity in the EtOAc fraction inhibited the generation of nitric oxide. Results also showed that iNOS protein expression increased in RAW264.7 cells. In contrast, at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ EtOAc, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression significantly decreased in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1487-1494
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• 2010

Structured lipid (SL) for cocoa butter alternative was synthesized by interesterification of coconut oil fraction and palm stearin (6:4 and 8:2, by weight) in a shaking water bath at $60^{\circ}C$ and 180 rpm. It was performed for various reaction times (1, 2, 3, and 6 hr). The reaction was catalyzed by sn-1,3 specific Lipozyme TLIM (immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus). SL-solid part was obtained from acetone fractionation at $0^{\circ}C$. SL-solid part was blended with other palm oils and fractions for desirable property of cocoa butter alternative (SL-solid part : palm middle fraction : palm stearin solid : palm oil, 70.4:18.4:2.9:8.3, by weight). In reversed-phase HPLC analysis, triacylglycerol species of cocoa butter alternative had partition number of 40 (10.77%), 42 (13.06%), 44~46 (17.38%) and 48 (51.88%). Major fatty acids of cocoa butter alternative were lauric acid (16.5%), myristic acid (12.28%), palmitic acid (46.03%), and linoleic acid (14.75%). Solid fat content (SFC) and polymorphic form (${\beta}'$ form) of cocoa butter alternative prepared were similar to those of commercial cocoa butter replacer (CBR).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.590-595
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• 1995

To examine the characteristics of antioxidative compounds from Capsella bursa-pastoris, ethanol extracts were separated into five organic solvent fractions; hexane(Fr.H), diethyl ether (Fr.E), ethyl acetate(Fr.EA), butanol (Fr.B), and water(Fr.D) fractions. Fr.B showed the greatest electron donating ability and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. Whereas Fr.E had the most excellent activity in the superoxide radical scavenging activity by xanthine/xanthine oxidase-cytochrome c reduction system. The inhibitory effect of each fraction on xanthine oxidase was also measured. Fr.E had the strongest inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase and $IC_{50}$ was $5.65\;{\mu}g$. The results indicate that the superoxide radical scavenging activity of Fr.E is caused by the inhibitory effect on radical generating system of xanthine oxidase. Also the order of inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase was Fr.B

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1753-1760
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Sasa borealis leaves on high glucose-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Freeze-dried Sasa borealis leaves were extracted with 70% methanol and followed by a sequential fractionation with dicholoromethan, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. The ethyl acetate fraction from Sasa borealis leaves extract (ESLE) was used in this study because it possessed the strongest antioxidant activity among the various solvent fractions. Exposure of HUVECs to 30 mM high glucose for 48 hr resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cell viability, glutathion (GSH) concentration, activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dimutase (SOD), glutathion peroxidase (GSH-px) and catalase, and a significant (p<0.05) increase in intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation formation in comparison to the cells treated with 5.5 mM glucose. ESLE treatment decreased intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation formation and increased cell viability, GSH concentration and expressions of SOD and catalase in HUVECs. These results suggest that ESLE may be able to protect HUVECs from high glucose-induced oxidative stress, partially through the antioxidative defense systems.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.371-382
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• 1992

Biochemical composition, the rates of nitrogen excretion in the form of ammonia, amino acids and total nitrogen, and oxygen consumption of the shrimp Crangon affinis were measured at three temperature regimes $(7,\;15,\;and\;25^{\circ}C)$ and the variations were also determined for starvation periods (1-25 days). The composition of the major biochemical fractions was analysed into carbohydrate: $4.2\%,\;protein:\;68.6\%,\;lipid:\;7.0\%,\;chitin:\;6.3\%,\;and\;ash:\;14.6\%,$ all expressed as percentage of dry weight. Molting frequency was lower at $7^{\circ}C\;than\;25^{\circ}C$ during the period of starvation, and during the same period the higher temperature was, body weight and body compositions the more decreased. Through all starvation periods $O_2$ consumption tended to decrease but total nitrogen tended to increase at any temperature regimes. The dominant form of excreted total nitrogen was ammonia-N at any temperature. From the O:N ratio it appeared that carbohydrate and lipid reserves were quickly exhausted (1-5 days), and that proteins were the substrates oxidized to meet the energetic requirements of C. affinis at any temperature. After 25 days of starvation the O:N ratio remained constant near a value of 8, which indicates that only proteins were being utilized at three temperatures. After 25 days of starvaion C. affinis excreted 23.01ug N/mg body nitrogen per day at $7^{\circ}C,\;32.97\mu g\;N/mg$ body nitrogen per day at $15^{\circ}C,\;and\;44.81\mu g\;N/mg$ body nitrogen per day at $25^{\circ}C$, and lost about 1.75, 2.47 and $3.29^{\circ}C$ of body protein per day at 7, 15, and $25^{\circ}C$ respectively.