• 대기
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.247-261
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• 2018

The objective of this paper is to compare probabilistic temperature forecasts from different regional and global ensemble prediction systems over PyeongChang area. A statistical post-processing method is used to take into account combination and calibration of forecasts from different numerical prediction systems, laying greater weight on ensemble model that exhibits the best performance. Observations for temperature were obtained from the 30 stations in PyeongChang and three different ensemble forecasts derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Ensemble Prediction System for Global and Limited Area Ensemble Prediction System that were obtained between 1 May 2014 and 18 March 2017. Prior to applying to the post-processing methods, reliability analysis was conducted to identify the statistical consistency of ensemble forecasts and corresponding observations. Then, ensemble model output statistics and bias-corrected methods were applied to each raw ensemble model and then proposed weighted combination of ensembles. The results showed that the proposed methods provide improved performances than raw ensemble mean. In particular, multi-model forecast based on ensemble model output statistics was superior to the bias-corrected forecast in terms of deterministic prediction.

• Mycobiology
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

Nuclear distribution within the extra-radical fungal structures and during spore production in the arbuscular mycorrhizae fungus Glomus intraradices was examined using an in vitro monoxenic culture system. A di-compartmental monoxenic culture system was modified using a nitrocellulose membrane and a coverglass slip for detailed observations. Nuclear distribution was observed using the fluorescent DNA binding probes SYBR Green I and DAPI. Both septate and non-septate mycelial regions were observed, but cytoplasmic contents were only found within non-septate mycelia. Nuclear fluorescent staining revealed that the non-septate hyphal region contained nuclei only with cytoplasm, and that nuclear distribution was limited by septa. Swollen hyphal bodies were often associated with septate and empty-looking hyphae. Cytoplasmic contents filled the swollen hyphal body from the non-septate hyphal region following removal of the septa. As a consequence, the swollen body developed into a new spore. These observations provide understanding about the distribution of AM fungal nuclei within extra-radical mycelia and during spore formation. The results suggest a mechanism by which the development of a cytoplasm-containing mycelium is controlled by the formation or removal of septa to efficiently maintain and proliferate essential contents. This mechanism may provide a survival strategy to the fungus.

• 천문학회보
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.68.4-69
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• 2016

We report preliminary results of KaVA observations of central galaxies in cool-core and non cool-core clusters. The main goal is to study how cooling environments of galaxy clusters affect the central AGN activities especially at its innermost region. For KaVA observations, 7 radio bright AGNs have been selected from the extended Highest Flux Galaxy Cluster Sample (eHIFLUGCS; the X-ray flux limited & all sky galaxy cluster catalog) with various cooling timescales. In our previous KVN study, we have found that most AGNs in the cool-core clusters show the hint of pc-scale jet-like features while the ones in the non cool-core clusters do not. Using the KaVA 22/43 GHz data of a much higher resolution than the KVN resolution, we have investigated detailed pc-scale jet properties such as physical size, morphology, and radiative age. Based on the KaVA data, we discuss the effect of cluster cooling environment on the evolution of AGNs in the cluster center.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.153-168
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• 2003

This paper discusses the results and observations from a large-scale fire test conducted on a slim floor system, comprising asymmetric beams, rectangular hollow section beams and a composite floor slab. The structure was subjected to a fire where the fire load (combustible material) was higher that that found in typical office buildings and the ventilation area was artificially controlled during the test. Although the fire behaviour was not realistic it was designed to follow as closely as possible the time-temperature response used in standard fire tests, which are used to assess individual structural members and forms the bases of current fire design methods. The presented test results are limited, due to the malfunction of the instrumentation measuring the atmosphere and member temperatures. The lack of test data hinders the presentation of definitive conclusions. However, the available data, together with observations from the test, provides for the first time a useful insight into the behaviour of the slim floor system in its entirety. Analysis of the test results show that the behaviour of the beam-to-column connections had a significant impact on the overall structural response of the system, particularly when the end-plate of one of the connections fractured, during the fire.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2012

To broaden the understanding of classical Cepheid structure, evolution and atmospheres, we have extended our continuing secret lives of Cepheids program by obtaining XMM/Chandra X-ray observations, and Hubble space telescope (HST) / cosmic origins spectrograph (COS) FUV-UV spectra of the bright, nearby Cepheids Polaris, ${\delta}$ Cep and ${\beta}$ Dor. Previous studies made with the international ultraviolet explorer (IUE) showed a limited number of UV emission lines in Cepheids. The well-known problem presented by scattered light contamination in IUE spectra for bright stars, along with the excellent sensitivity & resolution combination offered by HST/COS, motivated this study, and the spectra obtained were much more rich and complex than we had ever anticipated. Numerous emission lines, indicating $10^4$ K up to ${\sim}3{\times}10^5$ K plasmas, have been observed, showing Cepheids to have complex, dynamic outer atmospheres that also vary with the photospheric pulsation period. The FUV line emissions peak in the phase range ${\varphi}{\approx}0.8-1.0$ and vary by factors as large as $10{\times}$. A more complete picture of Cepheid outer atmospheres is accomplished when the HST/COS results are combined with X-ray observations that we have obtained of the same stars with XMM-Newton & Chandra. The Cepheids detected to date have X-ray luminosities of log $L_X{\approx}28.5-29.1$ ergs/sec, and plasma temperatures in the $2-8{\times}106$ K range. Given the phase-timing of the enhanced emissions, the most plausible explanation is the formation of a pulsation-induced shocks that excite (and heat) the atmospheric plasmas surrounding the photosphere. A pulsation-driven ${\alpha}^2$ equivalent dynamo mechanism is also a viable and interesting alternative. However, the tight phase-space of enhanced emission (peaking near 0.8-1.0 ${\varphi}$) favor the shock heating mechanism hypothesis.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2016

본 연구는 다중서버 대기행렬시스템의 관측이 제한되어 있는 경우에 시스템 내부 행태를 추론하는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 대기행렬시스템 분석에 있어 도착 및 서비스시간에 자기상관성이 존재하면 이론적으로 모형화하기가 매우 복잡하고 어렵다. 이에 따라 다양한 분석 기법 및 확률과정 모형들이 개발되었다. 본 논문에서는 외부 관측치에 존재하는 자기상관성과 내부 행태를 관측하기 어려운 경우에 대한 추론 방법을 소개한다. 선행연구의 가정을 완화하여 추론 방법을 제시하고 그에 대한 보조정리 및 정리를 제시한다. 제시된 비모수적 방법을 적용하면 서비스시간에 자기상관성이 존재하더라도 외부 관측치만을 사용하여 다중서버 대기행렬의 내부 행태를 추론할 수 있다. 주요 내부 추론 결과로는 대기시간과 서비스시간을 사용하였다. 또한 제시된 방법의 타당성 검증을 위해 실험 결과를 제시하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2008

이미지 센서의 물리적 한계 가운데 공간 해상도의 제약과 다이내믹 레인지의 제약을 극복하기 위한 방법 가운데 신호처리기법에 기반하여 여러 장의 저해상도 영상으로부터 고해상도 영상을 복원하는 것과, 다이내믹 레인지가 좁은 여러 장의 영상으로부터 넓은 다이내믹 레인지를 갖는 영상을 복원하는 방법이 있다. 하지만, 일반적으로 실제 영상을 획득하는 과정에서 공간 해상도와 다이내믹 레인지의 제약을 동시에 받게 되므로, 이 두 제약을 동시에 극복하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 영상 장치의 응답 함수의 추정과 함께 공간 해상도와 다이내믹 레이지를 동시에 향상시킬 수 있는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 이를 위해 영상의 공간 해상도 제한과, 다이내믹 레인지의 제약을 포함하는 영상 획득 과정을 모델링하고, 이 영상 획득 모델을 기반으로 하여 영상 입력 장치의 응답 함수를 추정하고, 영상의 공간 해상도와 다이내믹 레인지를 동시에 향상시킬 수 있는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 실험 결과를 통해 제안된 알고리즘이 기존의 고해상도 복읜 알고리즘과 와이드 다이내믹 레인지 영상 복원을 연속적으로 처리한 결과보다 시각적, 수치적으로 더 좋은 결과를 보여줌을 확인할 수 있다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2010

연안개발로 인해 발생하는 해양환경 변화를 정확히 예측하여 해양환경을 효율적으로 관리하기 위해서는 정확한 조위 및 조류 분포에 관한 자료의 확보가 필수적이다. 그러나 현재 대부분의 환경영향평가에서는 조석 수치모의에서 제한된 조석분조 만을 사용하여 조위와 조류분포를 예측하여 많은 분조의 합성에 의해 발생되는 실제 조석현상을 정확하게 계산하지 못하고 있으며, 이로 인해 환경영향평가에 오류가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 제한된 분조의외해 개방경계에서 조화상수를 가지고도 연안에서 관측된 조위자료를 활용하여 실시간으로 정확하게 조위 및 조류 분포를 예측할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 4개 분조에 의한 조위와 38개 분조에 의한 조차의 비 그리고 모의조차와 관측조차의 비를 가지고 보정한 조위 예측결과는 관측조위와 잘 일치하였다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.473-481
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• 2007

Energy efficiency is one of the most critical concerns for wireless sensor networks. By allowing sensor nodes in close proximity to cooperate in transmission to form a virtual multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) system, recent progress in wireless MIMO communications can be exploited to boost the system throughput, or equivalently reduce the energy consumption for the same throughput and BER target. However, these cooperative transmission strategies may incur additional energy cost and system overhead. In this paper, assuming that data collectors are equipped with antenna arrays and superior processing capability, energy efficiency of relevant traditional and cooperative transmission strategies: Single-input-multiple-output(SIMO), space-time block coding(STBC), and spatial multiplexing(SM) are studied. Analysis in the wideband regime reveals that, while receive diversity introduces significant improvement in both energy efficiency and spectral efficiency, further improvement due to the transmit diversity of STBC is limited, as opposed to the superiority of the SM scheme especially for non-trivial spectral efficiency. These observations are further confirmed in our analysis of more realistic systems with limited bandwidth, finite constellation sizes, and a target error rate. Based on this analysis, general guidelines are presented for optimal transmission strategy selection in system level and link level, aiming at minimum energy consumption while meeting different requirements. The proposed selection rules, especially those based on system-level metrics, are easy to implement for sensor applications. The framework provided here may also be readily extended to other scenarios or applications.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2013

실내실험과 현장관측을 통해서 용존태무기질소(dissolved inorganic nitrogen; DIN) 제한 하에서 유독와편모조류 Alexandrium tamarense와 A. catenella의 생존과 우점화 전략을 살펴보았다. 현장관측결과 마산만에서 Alexandrium 속이 출현하는 기간동안 DIN이 식물플랑크톤의 성장 제한영양염으로 나타났다. 성장동력학 실험으로부터 도출된 질산염의 Ks값은 현장에서 우점하는 규조류보다 A. tamarense와 A. catenella가 높아, 영양염 경쟁에 있어 불리한 위치에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 A. tamarense와 A. catenella는 DIN 제한하에서 요소나 아미노산과 같은 용존유기질소 (dissolved organic nitrogen; DON) 화합물을 성장에 이용하였다. 따라서 마산만과 같이 Alexandrium 속이 출현하는 봄~여름까지 DIN이 제한영양염으로 작용하는 환경에서 DON의 흡수능력은 이들 종이 성장을 유지하는데 큰 역할을 할 뿐만 아니라 종의 우점과정 및 종간 경쟁에서도 중요한 영향을 줄 것으로 보인다.