• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.85-94
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• 2003

The asynchronous design methods proved to have the higher performance in power consumption and execution speed than synchronous ones because it just needs to activate the required module without feeding clock in the system. Despite the advantage of CISC machine providing the variable addressing modes and instructions, its execution scheme is hardly suited for a synchronous Pipeline architecture and incurs a lot of overhead. This paper proposes a novel asynchronous pipeline architecture, A80sl, whose instruction set is fully compatible with that of Intel 80C51, an embedded micro controller. We classify the instructions into the group keeping the same execution scheme for the asynchronous pipeline and optimize it eliminating the bubble stage that comes from the overhead of the multi-cycle execution. The new methodologies for branch and various instruction lengths are suggested to minimize the number of states required for instructions execution and to increase its parallelism. The proposed A80C51 architecture is synthesized with 0.35${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ CMOS standard cell library. The simulation results show higher speed than that of Intel 80C51 with 36 MHz and other asynchronous counterparts by 24 times.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.87-95
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• 2009

In this paper, an area-efficient FFT processor is proposed for MIMO-OFDM based SDR systems. The proposed scalable FFT processor can support the variable length of 64, 128, 512, 1024 and 2048. By reducing the required number of non-trivial multipliers with mixed-radix (MR) and multi-path delay commutator (MDC) architecture, the complexity of the proposed FFT processor is dramatically decreased without sacrificing system throughput The proposed FFT processor was designed in hardware description language (HDL) and synthesized to gate4eve1 circuits using 0.18um CMOS standard cell library. With the proposed architecture, the gate count for the processor is 46K and the size of memory is 64Kbits, which are reduced by 59% and 39%, respectively, compared with those of the 4-channel radix-2 single-path delay feedback (R2SDF) FFT processor. Also, compared with 4-channel radix-2 MDC (R2MDC) FFT processor, it is confirmed that the gate count and memory size are reduced by 16.4% and 26.8, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.504-513
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• 2011

In order to develop a novel system for the discrimination of five ginseng cultivars (Panax ginseng Meyer), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays with real-time polymerase chain reaction were conducted. Nucleotide substitution in gDNA library clones of P. ginseng cv. Yunpoong was targeted for the SNP genotyping assay. From these SNP sites, a set of modified SNP specific fluorescence probes (PGP74, PGP110, and PGP130) and novel primer sets have been developed to distinguish among five ginseng cultivars. The combination of the SNP type of the five cultivars, Chungpoong, Yunpoong, Gopoong, Kumpoong, and Sunpoong, was identified as 'ATA', 'GCC', 'GTA', 'GCA', and 'ACC', respectively. This study represents the first report of the identification of ginseng cultivars by fluorescence probes. An SNP genotyping assay using fluorescence probes could prove useful for the identification of ginseng cultivars and ginseng seed management systems and guarantee the purity of ginseng seed.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2017

Purpose: Researchers found that blocks of evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation lacked opportunities for EBP education. The study found that physical therapists had negative views of research as well as their roles in EBP, lacked confidence in EBP, and had limited access to web-based materials. The purpose of this study was to highlight the importance of information research technology for efficient EBP in a clinical environment. Methods: The web-based information research technologies that should be used for sustainable EBP include: the clinical practice guideline (CPG) and PubMed's My NCBI service. Journal mailing services and other academic information sources should also be used to gather information from RSS feeds. An EBP library or archive must be created. A site that provides EBP-specific information is also needed. Results: We should usually do EBP. Practitioners must learn and use information technologies that will help them improve their EBP skills. Conclusion: Facilitating EBP implementation and building an EBP system require related education as well as a practical work environment and equipment. However, the highest priority is individual efforts and trial. Information technology will complement the lack of time. It is important to use information research technology to overcome real obstacles. Lasting EBP must use a number of web-based information research technologies to overcome the practical challenges encountered in EBP implementation.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2012

Previously, we identified that the overexpression of IEX-1 induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Herein we report a new binding partner of IEX-1, CATHEPSIN B, as a lysosomal enzyme which contributes to the various apoptotic signaling in tumor cells. To investigate how IEX-1 regulates cellular survival and death event, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening of rat ovarian cDNA library using IEX-1 as the bait and found CATHEPSIN B. In the present study, CATHEPSIN B and IEX-1 proteins were overexpressed in 293T cells and their specific association was determined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis. In addition, the endogenous interaction between CATHEPSIN B and IEX-1 was confirmed in HeLa cells. The current finding of lysosomal CATHEPSIN B as the IEX-1-binding partner implies that IEX-1 may involve in lysosome-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.120-126
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• 2018

Background: Treatment of distal humerus fractures in osteoporotic elderly patients is often challenging. For non-reconstructible fractures with open reduction and internal fixation, total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is an acceptable alternative. However, the relatively high complication rates and lifelong activity restrictions make TEA less ideal for elderly or low-demand patients. Efforts to identify or develop alternate procedures that benefit relatively young, high-demand patients have resulted in increased interest in hemiarthroplasty. This systematic review reports the clinical outcomes of hemiarthroplasty for distal humeral fractures. Methods: We systematically reviewed the databases of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library. All English-language studies published before June 2017 were considered for possible inclusion. Search terms included 'distal humerus fracture' and 'hemiarthroplasty'. Studies reporting outcomes (and a minimum of 1 year clinical follow-up) in human subjects after hemiarthroplasty (Latitude system) for distal humeral fractures were assessed for inclusion. Patient demographics, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and complications were recorded, and homogenous outcome measures were analyzed. Results: Nine studies with a total of 115 patients met the inclusion criteria. Among the included studies, the weighted mean follow-up time was 35.4 months. Furthermore, the weighted mean of the postoperative range of motion ($107.6^{\circ}$ flexion-extension, $157.5^{\circ}$ for pronation-supination) and functional outcomes (Mayo elbow performance scores: 85.8, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score: 19.6) were within the acceptable range. Conclusions: Our study indicates that hemiarthroplasty is a viable option for comminuted distal humerus fracture. Satisfactory functional outcomes were observed in most patients.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.487-492
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• 2013

Cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11) is a fatty acid hydroxylase enzyme expressed in human liver. It catalyzes not only the hydroxylation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, but the conversion of arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a regulator of blood pressure. In this study, we performed a directed evolution analysis of CYP4A11 using the luminogenic assay system. A random mutant library of CYP4A11, in which mutations were made throughout the entire coding region, was screened with luciferase activity to detect the demethylation of luciferin-4A (2-[6-methoxyquinolin-2-yl]-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid) of CYP4A11 mutants in Escherichia coli. Consecutive rounds of random mutagenesis and screening yielded three improved CYP4A11 mutants, CP2600 (A24T/T263A), CP2601 (T263A), and CP2616 (A24T/T263A/V430E) with ~3-fold increase in whole cells and >10-fold increase in purified proteins on the luminescence assay. However, the steady state kinetic analysis for lauric acid hydroxylation showed the significant reductions in enzymatic activities in all three mutants. A mutant, CP2600, showed a 51% decrease in catalytic efficiency ($k_{cat}/K_m$) for lauric acid hydroxylation mainly due to an increase in $K_m$. CP2601 and CP2616 showed much greater reductions (>75%) in the catalytic efficiency due to both a decrease in $k_{cat}$ and an increase in Km. These decreased catalytic activities of CP2601 and CP2616 can be partially attributed to the changes in substrate affinities. These results suggest that the enzymatic activities of CYP4A11 mutants selected from directed evolution using a luminogenic P450 substrate may not demonstrate a direct correlation with the hydroxylation activities of lauric acid.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1996

To investigate the genes which is related to immune reaction of Bombyx mori, differential screening was carried out using naive and induced B. mori mRNA probe. To begin with, we constructed the cDNA library with mRNA isolated from fifth instar larvae injected with E. coli(4 X 106 cells/larva) using Uni ZAP XR vector kit. Thirty-two inducible cDNAs showing higher intensity on the induced mRNA probing membranes were selected. Partial nucleotide sequences of 29 clones were determined and their expessed sequence tags (ESTs) were produced. Nineteen ESTs in 29 ESTs were matched in GenBank database and the rest of them were found to be unknown. These unmatched ESTs were presumed to be novel genes. The nineteen ESTs contained variable genes related to biological process in Bombyx mori and four classes immune genes. Four clones, BmInc 6, 8, 18 and 27 were similar to two antibacterial peptide genes, hemolin gene and transferrin gene, respectively.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.75-82
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose an efficient symbol detection algorithm for multiple-input multiple-output spatial multiplexing (MIMO-SM) systems and present its design and implementation results. By enhancing the performance of the first detected symbol which causes error propagation, the proposed algorithm achieves a considerable performance gain as compared to the conventional sorted QR decomposition (SQRD) based detection and the ordered successive detection (OSD) algorithms. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed detection algorithm is evaluated by the simulation. In case of 16QAM MIMO-SM system with 4 transmit and 4 receive ($4{\times}4$) antennas, at $BER=10^{-3}$ the proposed algorithm obtains the gai improvement of about 2.5-13.5 dB over the conventional algorithms. The proposed detection algorithm was designed in a hardware description language (HDL) and synthesized to gate-level circuits using 0.18um 1.8V CMOS standard cell library. The results show that the proposed algorithm can be implemented without increasing the hardware costs significantly.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5755-5762
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• 2015

Background: Short-course preoperative radiation (SCRT) with delayed surgery was found to increase pathologic complete response (pCR) rates in several trials. However, there was no clear answer on whether SCRT or long-course chemo-radiotherapy (LCRT) is more effective. Therefore we conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of SCRT versus LCRT, both with delayed surgery, for treatment of rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: The literature was searched from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.gov up to November, 2014. Quality of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was evaluated according to the Cochrane's risk of bias tool of RCT. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to rate the level of evidence. Review Manager 5.3 was employed for statistical analysis. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Three RCTs, with a total of 357 rectal cancer patients, were included in this systematic review. Metaanalysis results demonstrated there were no significantly differences in sphincter preservation rate, local recurrence rate, grade 3~4 acute toxicity, R0 resection rate and downstaging rate. Compared with SCRT, LCRT was associated with significant increase in the pCR rate [RR=0.49, 95%CI (0.31, 0.78), P=0.003]. Conclusions: In terms of sphincter preservation rate, local recurrence rate, grade 3~4 acute toxicity, R0 resection rate and downstaging rate, SCRT with delayed surgery is as effective as LCRT with delayed surgery for management of rectal cancer. LCRT significantly increased pCR rate compared with SCRT. Due to risk of bias and imprecision, further multi-center large sample RCTs were needed to confirm this conclusion.