• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2003

Agricultural drainage salt generated during irrigation of crops in San Joaquin Valley, California, exceeds 600,000 tons annually and cumulates in the field in a rapid rate. As a result, the waste is taking out more farmlands for salt storage and disposal, imposing serious concerns to environment and local agricultural industry. In searching for a potential solution to reduce or eliminate the waste, this research explored feasibility of producing a value-added product, sodium sulfate, from the waste and utilizing the product in textile dyeing. The results indicated that sodium sulfate could be produced from the salt and could be purified by a recrystallization method in a temperature range within the highest and lowest daily temperatures in summer in the valley. The recovered sodium sulfate samples, with purities ranging from 67% to 99.91, were compared with commercially available sodium sulfate in the dyeing of levelling dyes. In nylon fabrics, the salt samples had little color difference in the dyeing with C.I. Acid Yellow 23 and C.I. Acid Blue 158. All salt samples' gray scale was 5 grade. In wool fabrics, the salt samples had little color difference in dyeing with C.I. Acid Yellow 23 and C.I. Arid Blue 158. All salt samples' gray scale was 5 grade. Generally, the dyeing of levelling dyes using recovered salts from farm drainage had little color difference than the dyeing of levelling dyes using commercial sodium sulfate.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.18 no.5 s.90
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• pp.15-21
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• 2006

Temporarily solubilized azo disperse dyes containing ${\beta}$-sulfatoethylsufonyl group were applied to acetate fabric and the feasibility of dispersant-free dyeing was investigated. The color yields of the dyes on acetate fabric were found to be dependent on dye bath pH as well as dyeing temperature. The optimum results were obtained at pH 6 and $80^{\circ}C$. The dyes showed good exhaustion and levelling properties. Vinylsulfone derivatives of the dyes were prepared and applied to acetate with dispersant. Dyeing properties of the temporarily solubilized disperse dyes were similar to or better than those of the vinylsulfone dyes. The dyes showed moderate to good fastness properties on acetate.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.416-422
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• 2003

Agricultural drainage salt generated during irrigation of crops in San Joaquin Valley, California, exceeds 600,000 tons annually and cumulates in the field in a rapid rate. As a result, the waste is taking out more farmlands for salt storage and disposal, imposing serious concerns to environment and local agricultural industry. In searching for a potential solution to reduce or eliminate the waste, this research explored feasibility of producing a value-added product, sodium sulfate, from the waste and utilizing the product in textile dyeing. The results indicated that sodium sulfate could be produced from the salt and could be purified by a recrystalization method in a temperature range within the highest and lowest daily temperatures in summer in the valley. The recovered sodium sulfate samples, with purities ranging from 67% to 99.91, were compared with commercially available sodium sulfate in the dyeing of levelling dyes with nylon/wool fabrics. In nylon/wool fabrics, C.I. Acid Yellow 23 had similar exhaustions among Na₂SO₄ I, Na₂SO₄ II, Na₂SO₄ III and Na₂SO₄ Ⅴ which had similar ratios of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride in recovered salts. Na₂SO₄ Ⅳ had low exhaustion which had low ratios of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. In nylon/wool fabrics, C.I. Acid Blue 158 had similar exhaustions among Na₂SO₄ I, Na₂SO₄ II, Na2₂SO₄ III, Na₂SO₄ IV and Na₂SO₄ Ⅴ despite of Na₂SO₄ Ⅳ had low ratios of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride Generally, the dyeing of levelling dyes using recovered salts from farm drainage has similar or low exhaustion than the dyeing of levelling dyes using commercial sodium sulfate.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

In recent, development of nano fiber has been one of the most active subjects in the world. Nano fiber is defined as a ultra fine yarn with a diameter unit of $10-100\times10^{-9}meter$, which is possible to be produced by an electro-spinning technology. In this study, physical characteristics and dyeing properties of nylon 66 nano fiber were investigated. Nylon 66 nano fiber was dyed with levelling type acid dyes. X-ray diffraction method and DSC analysis were used for the measurement of the degree of crystallization. Analysis of amino end groups was also performed in order to examine a relationship between number of amino groups and its dyeing property as well as water absorption behavior. The maximum exhaustion % of dyes and dyeing rate under various dyeing conditions, such as dyeing temperature and pH in dye bath, along with build-up properties for 2 acid dyes were evaluated. It was found that the degree of crystallization of nano fiber was smaller than that of regular fiber, and amino end groups of nano fiber were less than regular fiber. Half dyeing time of nano fiber was shorter than regular fiber because of the bigger specific surface area. Effect of pH on exhaustion % was small in case of nano fiber. Exhaustion of nano fiber increased with higher concentration of dye.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 1991

A study on dyeing-rate for single and mixture dyeing of silk with acid dyes was carried out. Single and mixture dyeings were performed with levelling and milling dyes at 7$0^{\circ}C$ and at pH 3, pH 4 and pH 5, respectively. The results of this study were summerized as follows : 1. C. I. Acid Orange 7. A) At pH 3, dyeing-rate was more fast in the single dyeing than in mixture dyeing at the beginning of dyeing process. B) At pH 4 and 5, dyeing-rates tend to get very similar in single and mixture dyeing. 2. C. I. Acid Blue 138 A) At all pH value, dyeing-rates were more fast in the mixture dyeing than single dyeing at the beginning of dyeing. B) As the time increased, the difference of dyeing-rate and adsorption amounts between single and mixture dyeing was not shown.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Because acid dyes and reactive dyes require acidic condition for adsorption and alkaline condition for fixation respectively, it is difficult to dye nylon/cotton blends in one-bath one-step dyeing method. In this paper we tried to find out the suitable dye and dyeing condition for one-bath one-step dyeing of nylon/cotton blends. MNT type reactive dyes showed higher exhaustion on cotton as compared with MCT type dyes at neutral pH, which means that the MNT type reactive dyes are preferable for one-bath one-step dyeing method. The optimum condition for one-bath one-step dyeing of nylon/cotton blends was found to be pH 7. Wash fastness of fabrics dyed with half-milling type acid dyes was superior to that of fabrics dyed with levelling type acid dyes, when MNT type reactive dyes were used together.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.85-90
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• 2002

Five temporarily solubilized reactive disperse dyes were synthesized and characterized. They were applied to polyester/cotton blend fabric using one-bath dyeing method without dispersing agent. The dye that has azonaphthalene chro-mophore seemed to not only be exhausted on polyester but also react with cotton. But other dyes were selectively dyed on polyester and showed limited uptake on cotton. Good levelling as well as moderate to good colour fastness was obtained with the dyes on P/C blend fabric.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.5 s.153
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• pp.733-741
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• 2006

This study was to investigate categories of valuation and make the standard on developing valuation of natural dyes by Delphi method. The three-round Delphi tests were performed with 36 professional in the academic, the industrial, and the art field.'Dyeability property' meant levelling, adsorption, color diversity with mordant, color stability, 'marketability', possibility of mass production, economical efficiency, functionality, demand and supply of natural dyes, 'color', yield, beautiful color, value of color and 'color fastness', washing, perspiration and light fastness. Indigo, persimmon, cochineal, safflower and onion in dyeability property were evaluated highly, functional natural dyes in marketability, red and purple color ones except indigo in color and ones containing tannin in color fastness.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Blended knit with two or more fiber has various dyeing characteristics depending on dyeing method because of different material properties of them. In this paper, newly developed blended knit was used. It was composed by Acrylate fiber and Dyeable polypropylene(DPP) fiber. As result of build-up dyeing test, acid dyes and disperse dyes respectively had good dyeabilities on 1% o.w.f. with Acrylate fiber and DPP fiber. Compatibility of trichromatic of disperse dyes was generally good for most dyes investigated and their critical absorption range were between $120^{\circ}C$ and $130^{\circ}C$. As depending on dyeing methods, there were many differences in dyeability. It was confirmed that 1-bath-1-step dyeing was most suitable when considering dye exhaustion yield and levelling property. Wash, rubbing and light fastness of knits were generally good in most dyes.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.244-249
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• 2005

enVix is a novel regenerated cellulosic fiber, which is prepared from cellulose diacetate fiber using environmentally friendly manufacturing process. Vat dyeing properties of the enVix were investigated and compared with those ofregular viscose rayon. The enVix exhibited better dyeability than viscose rayon. The colour yields of vat dyes on the enVix were found to be dependent on dyeing temperature as well as the amount of levelling agent and salt. Good build-up and good to excellent fastness properties were obtained on the en Vix fabric.