• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.840-849
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• 2006

외부 병원체의 침입에 의한 병원독소로 발병된 뇌염증에서 미성숙뇌는 성숙뇌에서 보다 많은 백혈구의 침윤을 일으킨다. 케모카인은 뇌염증부위로 염증세포의 침윤을 매개하는 물질이다. 본 연구는 미성숙뇌의 뇌염증에서 백혈구침윤의 기전을 연구하기 위하여 내독소로 유발된 뇌염증에서 케모카인의 일종인 MCP-1, $MIP-1{\alpha}$, MIP-2의 발현을 연구하였다. 신생쥐와 성숙쥐의 미상핵 국소에 LPS $(0.5\;{\mu}g/{\mu}l)$를 정위주사 한 후 시간대별로 RT-PCR과 면역조직화학검사을 통하여 각각 mRNA상과 단백질상에서의 발현을 비교분석하였다. 광학현미경상 LPS 주입 후 6 시간 후부터 주사부위의 염증세포의 침윤이 시작되었으며 24 시간 후에 가장 뚜렷한 현상을 보였다. RT-PCR 결과, MCP-1, $MIP-1{\alpha}$, MIP-2 mRNA 발현은 24 시간 때에 최고치를 나타냈었다. 미성숙뇌의 각 케모카인의 mRNA발현은 성숙뇌에 비해 MCP-1은 약 2.6배, $MIP-1{\alpha}$는 약 1.4배, MIP-2는 약 1.2배 발현양이 더 많다. 면역조직화학검사는 광학현미경결과와 RT-PCR결과와 상응하여 각 케모카인들이 24 시간 때에 가장 양성반응이 뚜렷이 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 뇌염증에서 백혈구의 침윤은 케모카인을 생성하는 소교세포, 성상세포, 내피세포 등의 영향을 받는 기전에 의하여 조절되었다는 것을 나타내며 이들 케모카인 형성환경의 역할을 명확히 밝히고 질병의 진행에서 케모카인의 활성을 조정하는 방법을 연구하면 향후 뇌염증을 포함한 여러 가지질환에서 신경세포의 손상을 막는 치료법의 개발이 가능하게 될 것이다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1997

방사선이 원자력산업과 의료용 등에 광범위하게 사용됨에 따라 인류에 대한 방사선의 직접, 간접적인 피폭이 증가되고 있는 지금 보혈, 강장제, 피로회복 등의 효과로 잘 알려진 인삼의 방사선에 대한 효과를 살펴보고자 본 실험을 실시하였다. 인삼추출물(실험군)과 생리식염수(대조군)를 각각 ICR계의 웅성마우스(7주령, 20-23g)에 10일동안 경구투여 (100mg/kg)한 후 골수사(bone marrow death)를 유도할 수 있는 선량범위인 5.08Gy(Cs-137${\gamma}$-ray, central dose rate=654Gy/h)를 체외조사하여 생존율, 혈구계수, 골수에서의 미소핵검사 및 중기염색체 검사를 실시하였다. 30일 생존율은 인삼처리군에서 65%를, 대조군에서는 5%를 나타내었고, 혈액중 혈소판은 인삼처리군에서 대조군에 비해 조사 8일 후부터 유의한 회복을 나타내었으나, 적혈구세포는 방사선 조사 전, 후로 뚜렷한 숫적 변화를 보이지 않았고, 백혈구세포는 인삼처리군에서 대조군에 비해 유의한 회복을 나타내지 않았다. 한편 골수세포의 미소핵 수는 인삼처리 군에서 79.5${\pm}$1.5, 대조군에서 185.9${\pm}$35.8로 인삼처리군에서 유의하게 감소함을 볼 수 있었고, 중기염색체상의 이상염색체 빈도 또한 112, 143개로 인삼처리군에게 적게 나타남을 관찰하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 인삼추출물이 골수세포 내의 생리활성에 관여하여 혈소판을 유의하게 회복시키고, 방사선에 의한 염색체 손상을 감소시킴으로써 생쥐를 골수사로부터 보호한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.36-50
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• 2005

Background and Objectives: Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction characterized by sneezingm itchy nose, mouth and throat, congestion and/or nasal discharge. The offending allergenes are usually pollens, molds, dust mites and animal allergen. Recently, the incidence of infectious nasal diseases tend to decrease. However, allergic rhinitis has increased and treatment in most cases has only deat with the symptom. Tongkyu-tang was composed of sixteen crude drugs. The Oriental Medical References mention therapeutic effects of Tongkyu-tang on nasal obstruction, watery nasal discharg. And Tongkyu-tang has clinically been used for the treatment of common cold, headache, sternutation, rhinitis etc. Speacially Tongkyu-tang is one of the most frequently used medical treatment for the allergic rhinitis. Experimental studies were conducted to investigate for the effect of Tongkyu-tang on the changes of neutrophil segment, lymphocyte, total IgE and nassal tissue in allergic rhinitis of ovalbumin-inhalation rat. Meterial and Methods: Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three group: normal group, control group, experimental group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and experimental group, rats were sentitized intraperitoneally with 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of I week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, rat in the experimental group were oral administration treated by Tongkyu-tang for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal tissue; changes in the number of white blood cell, red blood cell and total Ig E; also changes in the segment of neutrophil and lymphocyte in blood. And we observed the changes of AST, ALT of three group. We used anova test statistically. Result: The number of leucocyte remained unchanged between three group. The number of erythrocyte was increased in experimental group and control group when compared with the normal group. The segment of neutrophil, in blood was decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group but, that was not significant statistically(p<0.05). The promotion of lymphocyte in blood was significantly decreased in experimental group when compared with the Control group(p<0.05). Total IgE was decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group but, that was not significant statistically(p<0.05). The cilium be well preserved in experimental group: the nasal tissue in experimental group was similar to in the normal group. Congestion and expantion of grandular cell in nasal submucosa, hypertropy of epithelium in nasal mucosa, acid mucus in epithelium and neutral mucus in subepithelium were decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group. Effect of Tongkyu-tang on the liver function were also studies in rats. Treatment of Tongkyu-lang did not affected on AST and ALT. Conclusion: Considering the above experimental results, it is suggested that oral administration treatment using Tongkyu-lang, without worry about liver function injury, decreased response on an Animal model with Allergic Rhinitis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 1975

Total body perfusion using Sarns Heart-Lung-Machine, five head pump motor system with Travenol disposable bubble oxygenator was attempted in the dogs by the hemodilution method with total prime of buffered Hartman`s solution under moderate hypothermia. The first of all, the functions of Sarns Heart-Lung-Machine and effects of the hemodilution perfusion by buffered Hartman`s solution was studied. At the same time the changes of pressure of artery and vein, gas contents of the blood, and influence on the blood pictures were observed before, during, and after perfusion in 1-2 days. Hemodilution rates were the ranges of 85.0ml/kg to 97.3ml/kg and perfusion flow rates were maintained with the average 80. 5ml/kg/min [the ranges of 73.3ml/kg/min to 92.8ml/kg/min]. Hypothermia was employed between $35^{\circ}C$ and $31^{\circ} of the esophageal temperature. The total body perfusion was continued for 50-60 minutes. In the total cardiopulmonary bypass, atriotomy, ventriculotomy, and atrioventriculotomy were performed respectively. Arterial pressure was ranged approximately between 50 mmHg and 140 mmHg, but generally, it was maintained over 75 mmHg. Venous pressure was measured between 3.8 cm$H_2O$ and 16.0 cm$H_2O$. Optimum oxygenation could be achieved when oxygen flow into the oxygenator was maintained approximately at 5. 5L/min. In this way, the $pO_2$, $pCO_2$, and oxygen saturation were measured before, during, and afterperfusion in 1-2 days. The $pCO_2$ ranged approximately between 26.0 mmHg and 38.5 mmHg, but generally, it was maintained in the average 30.9-32.5mmHg. The $pO_2$ was ranged between 73.0mmHg and 332.2 mmHg, but it was maintained in the average 103.0-219.0 mmHg. Oxygen saturation was measured over 95. 0% during and after extracorporeal circulation respectively. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and leucocyte count were decreased to 49.2%, 49.0%, 49.4%, and 21. 1% of the preoperative value during extracorporeal circulation respectively and these reductions were not recovered until 1-2 days after perfusion. These. resulted from relatively high degree of hemodilution rate and operative bleeding during these experimental studies. The platelets count was also decreased about to 71% during perfusion, on the contrary, it was increased progressively after perfusion and in 1-21 days after perfusion, the value was returned to preoperative contro1 level. Three dogs were all recovered after extracorporeal circulation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.168-186
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• 1979

Three hundred gram of Korean ginseng root was extracted with 95% ethanol on a boiling water bath for about 300 hr. Evaporation of alcohol yieled 50.2g of dark brown residue which was used by dissolving 4 mg of the residue in 1 ml of physiological saline. The ginseng group and the saline group received each day 0.5 ml per 100 g body weight of ginseng extract and physiological saline, respectively. Both the ginseng and saline group with stress were exposed to positive radial acceleration (1∼29g), cold (5$^{\circ}C$, 0$^{\circ}C$ &-10$^{\circ}C$) and heat (35$^{\circ}C$) environment, and surgical stress. After termination of the last stress, the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, rectal temperature, the number of erythrocyte and leucocyte, hemoglobin level, hematocrit ratio, total serum protein content and it's fraction and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid in the experimental animal exposed to stress were measured and at the corresponding periods, the same measurements were also carried out with the ginseng and the saline groups without stress exposure (serving as control). Results obtained were as follows. 1. Administration of ginseng does depressed the decrease of the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, the number of erythrocyte, hemoglobin value, hematocrit ratio and the A/G ratio in the mice and rats exposed to various stress. 2. The change of the rectal temperature, eosinophile counts, total serum protein content and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid of ginseng group that exposured to various stress facilitates the reaction to, and accelerates the recovery from the stress. 3. Even after hypophysectomy which served the link between the central and the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism, the adrenal ascorbic acid content of ginseng group decreased significantly more than that of the saline group 30 min. after administration of ACTH, while the value approached the normal level significantly closer in the ginseng group than in the saline group 1 and 2 hr after ACTH administration. Judging from the above results, it is concluded that administration of ginseng extract tolerated the experimental animals under the environment of stressfu1 stmuli, although the ginseng has no significant influence upon the stress mechanism in the absence of stressful stimuli. The site of action of the ginseng appears to be in the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.69-80
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• 1971

Total body perfusion using Rygg-Kyvsgaard Heart-Lung-Machine, Mark IV, Polystan was attempted in the dogs by the hemodilution method with total prime of buffered Hartman's solution and under hypothermia. The first of all, the functions of Rygg--Kyvsgaard Heart-Lung-Machine and the effects of the hemodilution perfusion by buffered Hartman's solution was studied. At the same time the changes of blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and influence on the blood pictures were observed before, during, and in 1-3 days after perfusion. Hemodilution rates were the average 74. 22cc/Kg(the ranges of 67 to 81 cc/Kg) and perfusion flow rates were maintained in the mean 62. 6cc/Kg/min., Although it was possible to check up to 87 cc/ Kg/min. The total body perfusion continued for 60-80 minutes. Hypothermia was employed between $36^{\circ}C$ and $32^{\circ}C$ of the rectal temperature. Arterial pressure was ranged approximately between 68mmHg and 149mmHg, but generally, it was maintained over 80mmHg. Venous pressure was measured between 6.5cm $H_2O$and 11.5cm $H_2O$. Optimum oxygenation can be expected when oxygen flow into the disposable bubble oxygenator was maintained approximately at 3.5 L/min .. Inthis way, the oxygen contents were measured in the mean value of 13.11${\pm}$O.56 vol. % of arterial blood and 8.67+1.08 vol.% of venous blood(P${\pm}$0.86 vol.% in arteriovenous oxygen difference and 2. 97${\pm}$0.62cc/Kg in oxygen consumption were calculated. According to these dates, it is as plain as pikestaff that excellent oxygenation and good tissue perfusion was accomplished. Erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit were decreased about 38% during extracorporeal circulation and these were not recovered until 1-3 days after perfusion. These decrease was resulted from relatively high degree of hemodilution rate and no blood transfusion to compensate during these experimental studies. The platelets were also decreased about 76% during perfusion, but on the contrary, it was increased progressively after perfusion and in 1-3 days after perfusion was returned to the control level. Leucocyte were also decreased during perfusion, but it was increased progessively after perfusion and in 1-3 days after perfusion exceed the control level. This increase was resulted from postoperative infection of the wound, but its analysis were not changed significantly.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 1998

Acupuncture and Radix Astragali aqua-acupuncture stimuli have long been used to cure human diseases. However, it still remains to be unkown on its action mechanism, physiolosical and biochemical aspects. Thus, many attempts were made to show the scientific background covering the above mentioned mechanisms. Most recent studies show that these tests improve blood circulatory system and increase leucocyte counts. In this study, we have applied the acupuncture stimuli to mouse Sinsu(BL-23), which is a stimulative point of oriental medicine, to see if cytokine such as IL-6 can be detected. Mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) for inflammation induction, and then reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using each primer set was performed to trace the amounts of mRNA. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. IL-6 was not temporarily expressed in normal mice 15 min after the acupuncture was pulled out. But, it started to show a feeble expression at 30 min after the removal of acupuncture and it started to reduce at 1h. after the acupuncture was pulled out 2. IL-6 was specifically expressed in LPS-treated mouse 30 min after the acupuncture was pulled out. The transcriptional expressions of LPS-treated mice were more effective than those of normal mice at 30 min after the removal of acupuncture 3. IL-6 was not temporarily expressed in normal mice 15 min after Radix Astragali aqua-acupuncture. But it expressed most highly at 30 min, and the transcriptional expressions of IL-6 was continued to 3 h. 4. IL-6 was not expressed in all the time after Radix Astragali aqua-acupuncture in LPS-treated mice. Therefore, a follow-up of cytokine IL-6 can be used not only a basis of the effect of acupuncture and Radix Astragali aqua-acupuncture but a diagnosis giude through the immunological action of thats. And, it is suggested that cytokine's expression by Acupuncture and Radix Astragali aqua-acupuncture stimulation should be continuously elucidated.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.544-550
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• 1992

해조류 중 파래와 곤피에서 당단백질을 추출하여 화학성분의 조성을 규명하고 sarcoma-180 cell을 이용하여 항암효과 및 면역활성을 검토하였다. 해조류에서 추출한 당단백질 중 당의 함량은 파래 및 곤피에서 각각 52.20% 및 48.16%이였고 이를 구성하는 단당류는 fructose의 함량이 곤피에서 84.62%로 가장 높았다. 단백질의 함량은 파래 9.51% 및 곤피 8.03%이였으며, 이를 구성하는 주요 아미노산은 aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine 및 cysteine이였다. 항암 효과 중 고형암 성장 저지 효과는 파래의 경우 50mg/kg을 투여 하였을때 64.55%로 가장 높은 항암효과를 나타내었고, 수면 연장 효과도 파래의 50mg/kg인 경우가 14.70%로 가장 높은 수명 연장율을 보였다. 면역기능에 미치는 영향 중 백혈구수는 파래의 경우가 65.11%로 최고이었고, 시간이 경과함에 따라 점점 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 총 복강 세포수도 대조군에 비해 약물투여군이 현저한 증가를 나타내었다. 면역 관련 장기의 무게도 약물 투여에 의하여 증가함을 볼 수 있었다. 혈액의 생화학적 성분 분석은 대조군과 약물 투여군이 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 이는 정상적인 마우스에서는 생체의 항사성 유지 기능을 초월하지 않고 어떤 이상 반응도 보이지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2020

Objective: The current study was carried out to examine the response of different levels of fat and protein in calf starter on nutrient utilisation, nitrogen metabolism, weight gain, blood parameters, and immunity level in pre-ruminant calves. Methods: Twenty four calves (5 days old) were divided into six groups in a 2×3 factorial design, with two levels of fat (10% and 14%) and three levels of protein (18%, 21%, and 24%). The calves were kept in individual pens for 120 days and fed with whole milk (1/10th of body weight) and calf starter ad-libitum. Daily dry matter intake was recorded; whereas body weight was taken on fortnightly basis to calculate average daily gain. During the growth trial blood samples were collected at 30 days interval to estimate blood glucose, albumin, total protein, total leucocyte count, total immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin G levels. A metabolic trial of seven days was carried out to find out the digestibility of different nutrients. Results: The dry matter intake was reduced (p<0.05) with higher fat and protein levels whereas feed conversion efficiency was improved (p<0.05) with higher protein level. Different levels of fat and protein in calf ration did not affect average daily gain in calves. The dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility were significantly (p<0.01) higher with increased level of protein. The nitrogen retention was also significantly higher (p<0.05) at 24% protein level, similarly the total immunoglobulin was significantly (p<0.05) high in higher protein fed groups, showed better immunity. Conclusion: The present finding suggested that 10% fat and 18% protein level of calf starter could be used in Sahiwal calves for optimum performance in terms of weight gain and immunity.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2006

A stable and reliable Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection animal model would be necessary for evaluating vaccine efficacy and helpful for understanding the pathological mechanism of the organism. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of ethanol treatment prior to H. pylori inoculation on associated gastric mucosal injury and to establish ethanol-pretreating animal model to study H. pylori infection. Male Mongolian gerbils were used for the study. H. pylori was orally inoculated after 12 h fasting. 3 h prior to H. pylori inoculation, a group of gerbils was orally treated with absolute ethanol, 60% and 40% ethanol respectively. Another group of animals was treated either with H. pylori culture media alone or with different concentrations of ethanol plus culture media. Gerbils were killed 4 or 8 weeks after H. pylori inoculation. The colonization of H. pylori was confirmed by both histological examination and rapid urease test. Mucosal damage was evaluated grossly and histologically according to the criteria. The colonization of H. pylori and pathological changes in gastric mucosa of the animals were also observed. Although no significant change to the gastric mucose was observed in the animals treated either with H. pylori culture media alone or with different concentrations of ethanol plus culture media, persistent H. pylori infection was seen in the mucosa and mucosal leucocyte infiltration and severe epithelial damage was observed in the Helicobacter and ethanol + Helicobacter groups after 4 weeks. The gross and histological scores were higher in the ethanol + Helicobacter than in the Helicobacter alone group. As the results, ethanol-pretreatment with 60% concentration induced severe pathogenic changes by H. pylori infection in 5 weeks-old Mongolian gerbils. These results suggested that ethanol-pretreatment before H. pylori inoculation could increase the severity of gastric mucosal inflammation and enhance the colonization of H. pylori. The established ethanol-pretreating animal model would contribute to screen new drugs against H. pylori and be used as an useful tool for various animal experiments with H. pylori strains.