• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.467-473
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• 2007

The most important factor for successful implantation is osseointegration between the implant and bone. The expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) inducing bone formation would differ after maxillary sinus elevation. And within the same graft material. the expression of BMPs would change with time after graft. The aim of this study was to compare the relative expressions of BMP4 and BMP6 using real-time RT-PCR when maxillary sinus elevation was performed using deproteinated bovine bone powder (DBBP) as the graft material or absorbable gelatin sponge (AGS) as the filler without any graft material. Fifteen rabbits, each weighing between 3.0 to 3.5 Kg, were divided randomly into 5 groups of 3 animals each based on their time of sacrifice 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days). After exposure of the maxillary sinus bilaterally, bone graft was performed in the right maxillary sinus using DBBP ($BBP^{(R)}$ Oct Inc., Cheonan, Korea) and only AGS ($Gelfoam^{(R)}$ Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI, U.S.A) was placed into the left without any graft material. Each group of rabbits was sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 days after operation and all specimens were harvested. And the following results were obtained using real-time RT-PCR from isolated total RNA of the samples. 1. The expression of BMP4 increased at postoperative 1 and 3 days in both DBBP group and AGS group. In AGS group. it decreased at postoperative 5 days. increased again at postoperative 7 days, and decreased at postoperative 9 days. In DBBP group, it increased until postoperative 7 days and decreased at postoperative 9 days. Although the expression of BMP4 was higher in DBBP group compared with AGS group, it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). 2. The expression of BMP6 increased at postoperative 1 and 3 days in both DBBP group and AGS group. In AGS group, it decreased at postoperative 5 days, increased again at postoperative 7 days, and decreased at postoperative 9 days. In DBBP group, it increased until postoperative 7 days and decreased at postoperative 9 days. Although the expression of BMP6 was higher in AGS group compared with DBBP group, it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). 3. There was no statistically significant difference in BMP expression in both groups during same period of time. It' s probably because DBBP and AGS both functioned as a space retainer so that the BMP expression in blood clot seemed to be similar. 4. Thus, DBBP would not offer many benefits for early bone regeneration compared with AGS. The expression of BMP in early bone formation seems to be more influenced by physical carrier rather than the graft type.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.301-311
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• 2011

Introduction: This study examined the effect of the application of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on bone healing after an injection of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) during the implantation of a titanium implant in the tibia of diabetes-induced rats. Materials and Methods: Twelve Sprague-Dawely rats were used. After inducing diabetes, the ADSCs were injected into the hole for the implant. Customized screw type implants, 2.0 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm in length, were implanted in both the tibia of the diabetes-induced rats. After implantation, LIPUS was applied with parameters of 3 MHz, 40 mW/$cm^2$, and 10 minutes for 7 days to the left tibiae (experimental group) of the diabetesinduced rats. The right tibiae in each rat were used in the control group. At 1, 2 and 4 week rats were sacrificed, and the bone tissues of both tibia were harvested. The bone tissues of the three rats in each week were used for bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) analyses and the bone tissues of one rat were used to make sagittal serial sections. Results: In histomorphometric analyses, the BIC in the experimental and control group were respectively, $39.00{\pm}18.17%$ and $42.87{\pm}9.27%$ at 1 week, $43.74{\pm}6.83%$ and $32.27{\pm}6.00%$ at 2 weeks, and $32.62{\pm}11.02%$ and $47.10{\pm}9.77%$ at 4 weeks. The BA in experimental and control group were respectively, $37.28{\pm}3.68%$ and $31.90{\pm}2.84%$ at 1 week, $20.62{\pm}2.47%$ and $15.64{\pm}2.69%$ at 2 weeks, and $11.37{\pm}4.54%$ and $17.69{\pm}8.77%$ at 4 weeks. In immunohistochemistry analyses, Osteoprotegerin expression was strong at 1 and 2 weeks in the experimental group than the control group. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand expression showed similar staining at each week in the experimental and control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the application of low intensity pulsed ultrasound after an injection of adipose tissue-derived stem cells during the implantation of titanium implants in the tibia of diabetes-induced rats provided some positive effect on bone regeneration at the early stage after implantation. On the other hand, this method is unable to increase the level of osseointegration and bone regeneration of the implant in an uncontrolled diabetic patient.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.53
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• pp.285-310
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• 2003

As National Pension Scheme for all nation complete in 1999 through expanding application in cities, the public pension including Public Occupational Pension became main axis of old-age income maintenance. After 4years since then, now, it is only half of total National Pension insured persons who have been qualified to receive pension through participate and contribution. The other half of National Pension insured is left the excluded from public pension. This paper is intended to identify scale and characteristics of the excluded from public pension and to analysis its cause, and to explore policy measures for solving the excluded's problem. for current recipients over 60 years old generation, the its excluded's scale is no less than 86% of the old over 60 years. The probability of getting in the excluded is high in case of old elderly and female for current elderly generation. For future recipients 18-59 years working generation, the its excluded's scale is no less than 61% of the 18-59 years total population. The probability of getting in the excluded is high in case of 18-29 years and female for current working generation. As logistic regression analysis determinant factor of paying or not pension contribution for future recipients, it appear that probability of getting in the excluded for current working generation is high in case of younger old, lower education attainment, irregular employee, working at agriculture forestry fishery sector, construction sector, wholesale retail trade restaurants hotels sector, financial institution and insurance real estate renting and leasing sector in comparison with manufacturing sector, occpaying at elementary occupation, professionals technicians and associate professionals, sale and service workers, plant machine operators and assemblers, legislators senior officials and managers in comparison with clerks. The Policy measures for the current recipient old generation have need to reinforce supplemental role of Senior's pension(non-contribution pension) until maturing of public pension, because of no having chance of public pension participants for them. And the Policy measures for the future recipient working generation have need to restructure social security fundamentally corresponding with social-economic change as labour market and family structure etc. The pension system has need to change from one earner one pension to one citizen one pension with citizenship rights. At this point, public pension have need to manage with combining insurance's contribution principle and citizenship principle financing by taxes. Then public pension will become substantially universal social network for old-age income maintenance and we can find real solution for the excluded from.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.81-95
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• 1995

Now, safety assurance in construction sites should be accomplished by its own organization rather than control of the code or government. It is believed that the safety assurance can be considerably improved by a lecture or an education using the existing theories or literatures up to now, but it is thought that fundamental safety assurance we not able to be accomplished without developing safety devices '||'&'||' equipment or taking fundamental measures, based on the result analyzed from workers behaviors. There are various behaviors of the workers showed in construction site, but only tests for hammerusing works such as form, re-bar, stone workers directly related to the grip strength are mainly performed, investigated and measured here for the study. The above works are similar to power grip, 7th picture on seven items which are categorized for hand grip types(Ammermin 1956 ; Jones ; Kobrick 1958). Measurements of grip strength are commonly taken in anthropometric surveys. They are easy to administer but unfortunately it is rather dubious whether they yield any data that are of interest to the engineer. Very fewer controls of tools are grasped and squeesed studies showed very little overall correlation between grip strength and other measures of bodily strength (Laubach, Kromer, and Thordsen 1972), but hammer-using work which is practically progressed in construction site are mainly influenced with grip strength. According to the investigation on work measurement, it is shown that 77% of form worker are using hammer to be related to grip strength. In this study, it is particularly noticed that wearing safety gloves in construction site is required for workers safety but 20% difference between grip strength with safety gloves and without ones are commonly neglected in the site(Fig. 1). Nevertheless, safety operation with consideration of the above 20% difference is not considered in the construction site. Factors of age, kinds of work, working time, with or without safety gloves are in vestigated '||'&'||' collected at the sites for this study. Test, not at each working hour but at 14 : 00 when the almost all of the workers think the most tired, resulting from the questionaires, also when it is shown on the research report has been performed and compared for main kinds of works : form '||'&'||' re-bar work. Tests were performed with both left SE rightand of the workers simultaneously in construction site using Rand Dynamometer(Model 78010, Lafayette Instrument Co., Indiana, U.S.A) by reading grip strength on the gauge while they are pulling, and then by interviewing on their ages, works, experiences and etc., directly. The above tests have been performed for the dates of 15th march-26th May '95 with consideration of site condition. And even if various factors of ambient temperature on the testing date, working condition, individual worker's habit and worker's condition of the previous ate are concerned with the study. Those are considered as constants in this study. Samples are formwork 53, rebar 62, electrician 5, plumber 4, welding 1 from D construction Co., Ltd, ; formwork 12, re-bar 5, electrician 2, from S construction Co., Ltd, , formwork 78, re-bar 18, plumber 31, electrician 13, labor 48, plumber 31, plasterer 15, concrete placer 6, water proof worker 3, maisony 5 from B construction Co., Ltd. As In the previously mentioned, main aspect to be investigated in this study will be from '||'&'||' re-bar work because grip strength will be directly applied to these two kinds of works ; form '||'&'||' re-bar work, eventhough there are total 405 samples taken. It is thought that a frequency of accident occurrence will be mainly two work postures "looking up '||'&'||' looking down" to be mainly sorted, but this factor is not clarified in this study because It will be needed a lot of work more. Tests has been done at possible large scale of horizontally work-extended sites within one hour in order to prevent or decrease errors '||'&'||' discrepancies from time lag of the test. Additionally, the statistical package computer program SPSS PC＋has been used for the study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.98-104
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to understand the origin and characteristics of stone tower's style through the study of the 'Village Shrine at Seoji-ri, Andong'. The three kinds of stone towers were located forming a line of 9m on the hill of a red pine forest along the stream in the village. Toward the direction looking at the village, the three-story stone located on left, the two-story stone located in the middle, and the common style stone tower located on right. The bottom part of the three-story stone was 2.5m in length, 1.8m in width, 1.3m in height. The bottom part of the two-story stone was 1.3m in length, 1.5m in width, 0.9m in height. The common style stone heap tower was 3.0m in diameter, 1.8m in height with a cone shape. The small hat-shaped stone was presumed to be the top part of a three-story stone. According to the three factors(heaven, earth, human) of the idea of the universe in Korea, most ancient remains have components of odd numbers. Then it had been substituted with smaller three-story stone(at present, two-story stone). And then altered to a common stone tower later, such as the 'Village Shrine at Seoji-ri, Andong' that shows the combination of the Bronze Age's megalithic and a folk religion. The 'Village Shrine at Seoji-ri, Andong' is a valuable relic that shows the stone towers, and is derived from the Bronze Age. The 'Village Shrine at Seoji-ri, Andong' shows that the 'Village Shrine at Seoji-ri, Andong' was embodied the three-factor(heaven, earth, human) idea of the universe in three-story stone of megalithic culture' remains.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2018

This study is to review about Yeongpyeong(永平), Baengnoju(白鷺洲)'s status and meaning landscape from literature and carved letter by literature reviews and a field survey. Baengnoju is named from mounting Geumneung(金陵) Bonghwangdae(鳳凰臺) poetry written by I, Baek(李白). There were many 'Baengnojus' all over the country but Yeongpyeong Baengnoju was the most famous beauty spot in Joseon dynasty. We identified many documentations about carved letter in the rock by literature reviews. So We guessed Baengnoju's past landscape and discovered undiscovered carved letters in the rock. Baengnoju became a famous place by Yang, Man-go(楊萬古)'s villa and I, Myeong-Han(李明漢)'s poetry. After this, it had received attention because it had a fine view and a good place to live. We thought that Baengnoju's documentations about carved letter in the rock was the most important, because carved letter in the rock is the fundamental factor to explore a noted wiseman' trace. Especially, documentations about carved letter in the rock was concentrated with Seoin(西人)'s literature. It is the important materials to identify carved letter in the rock. We studied about Baengnoju's carved letter in the rock by literature reviews and a field survey. First of all, it was identified as Jo, Sang-Wu(趙相愚) who wrote "Baengnoju" letter. We also discovered two undiscovered letters in Baengnoju letter's left side. There were Yu, Gi-Il(柳基一)'s carved letter in the rock in the other side. It was many carved letters in the rock in Baengnoju, but we knew so many differences comparing with literature. So, we need to establish plans to preserve. On this occasion, we wish that many people will be pay more attention to Baengnoju.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.33-44
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• 1999

Fashion is subjected to newness and change by itself. Fashion trend and tendency which could predict next season akeady indicated that digital and cybel11ation environment lliould be factors in fashion. Changes in future life styles and values caused by digital environment must be variables as fashion objects by themselves. Therefore digital environment of a fashion itself and that all encountered in fashion will not only be an existing situation but also an objective and a factor which must be pursued with fashionable sense in future fashion. Advanced technology and social change in relation to digital environment requires that educational method as well as its content will be changed on the scene of education for future. Thus we should seek an educational direction in fashion design for future society in which digital environment requires new paradigm. Subject to these backgrounds this study has an intension to study the change in fashion extensively influenced by expanded digital environment on a limited situational level of fashion design education and to suggest an educational direction for professional in future fashion design who will serve as a core of fashion area in the future. It is essential that education of professional in fashion for future should be achieved by digital-minded level that eagerly understands and accepts future society in which digital environment will be a main axis. It is necessary for this to make them expetience computers, digital media including CAD program. We have to note that education of digital media is more effective and applicable when accomplished in CAI level which can be related and expetienced with fashion education rather than mere functional training in media themselves. Intellectual creativity will be a vety source of producing values and national competence in 21st centtury. Education of design professional in fashion area must positively accept these environmental charactetistics in future society, as well as deeply reflect the education for the future.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.285-291
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• 1991

One hundred and twenty six patients with early uterine cervical cancer who had been treated at Departmen of Radiation Oncology of Korea University Hospital from Jan.1981 to Dec.1988 were analysed retrospectively by the treatment result and pattern of of failures. All patients had stage Ia to IIa disease and were grouped whether they had combination of operation and postop irradiation or radiation therapy alone. 1) Sixty six patients belonged to the combination treatment group and 60 patients to the radiation alone group. 2) Combination group consisted of $18.1\%$(12/66) stage Ia, $71.2\%$(47/66) stage Ib and $10.6\%$ (7/66) stage IIa patients. There were no stage Ia, 18.8$\%$(l1/60) stage Ib and 81.6$\%$(49/60) stage IIa patients for RT alone gronp. 3) There were total 23$\%$(29/126) treatment failures,13 patients in combination group and 16 patients in RT alone group. In 66 patients of combination group, they were found to have 5 locoregional failures, 7 distant failures and 1 at both sites. In 60 patients of RT alone group, 9 locoreginal failure and 7 distant failures occured. Eighty six percent (25/29) of total failures appeared within 18 month after completion of treatment. About 60$\%$ of the patients with regional recurrences which were located at pelvic side wall or pelvic lymph nodes paesented their recurrent disease after 1 year of completion of treatment, whereas same percent of distant failures appeared within 6 month. 5) In RT alone group, the first sites of distant failure were mostly para-aortic lymph node and/or left supraclavicular lymph node (71.4$\%$,5/7). In combination group, various sites such as inguinal lymph node, mediastinal lymph node, liver, lung and bone appeared first or at the same time with para-aortic and supraclavicular lymph node metastasis. 6) Logistic regression analysis was done for multivariate analysis of the factors contributing to locoregional and distant failures. In combination group, adequacy of the resection margin and the presence of positive pelvic node were found to be the most significant factors (p=0.0423 & 0.0060 respectively). In RT alone group, less than complete regression of the tumor at the end of treatment was the only significant contributing factor for the treatment failures (p=0.0013) with good liklihood ratio.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.110-125
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• 2015

This study is objected to investigate the repairing method and the modification period of rafters via the transformation traces left in the superciliums, where repair process takes places frequently. This is the basic research of analyzing the architectural features of Deokkeori, one of the additional-rafter methods. Deokkeori method can be described as using Deokdori in the top section of Hayeon, and placement of Sangyeon above it. This method was started to be used since middle of the Joseon dynasty period(middle 18th Century) and mainly used at 19th Century to resist the transformation caused by repairing. It had been gradually developed from non-application stage to application stage including additional usage of complement. The architectural features of Deokkeori can be categorized into four. First, the usage of Deokdori to connect Sangyeon to the top section of Hayeon. It reduct the direct connection between Sangyoen and Hayeon, therefore give constructive benefits and prevent the downfall of the eaves by increasing the power which pressing the top section of Hayeon. Second, it gives the autonomy to the inside structure of ceiling by comprising it. By using Deokdori, the limit of top section's longitude was eliminated while also simplify the upper section by blocking the inside structures with ceiling. In addition, the complements occasionally seen in several buildings increase the power which pressing Hayeon. Third, the ceiling's slope has been changed to be concerned with Sangyeon, instead of Hayeon which was highly related with it before. The last factor is the thickness of rafters which used in Deokkeori. The diameter is thiner in Sangyeon than Hayeon.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2019

In this study, $L-{\alpha}-amino$ acid, which is a constituent of natural moisturizing factor, was applied to skin in periodic cycle to improve skin tone and texture roughness. Based on the polarity of the alkyl group (R) of the $L-{\alpha}-amino$ acid, the acid was categorized into two groups and their efficacy was studied. As a result, it was found that the improvement rate of $L-{\alpha}-amino$ acid complex with polar alkyl group ($L-{\alpha}-AAC-1$) is 21% higher than that of $L-{\alpha}-amino$ acid complex with non-polar alkyl group ($L-{\alpha}-AAC-2$). For clinical trials, emulsions containing $L-{\alpha}-amino$ acid complex ($L-{\alpha}-AAC-1$) were applied to the randomly selected 20 to 40 year old female participants, as an experimental group, on the right facial cheek once per day for 8 weeks, and emulsions without $L-{\alpha}-amino$ acid complex, as a control group, were applied to the left facial cheek in the same way. Improvements in skin tone were measured using $JANUS^{(R)}$ equipment and analyzed using image analysis software. Skin texture improvement was measured and analyzed mechanically using the phaseshift rapid in-vivo measurement of the skin (PRIMOS) equipment. As a result, improvements of skin tone and skin texture were 11.7% and 6.7%, respectively. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted to the participants on the aesthetic improvement and the degree of the feeling of skin improvement. The results suggest that $L-{\alpha}-amino$ acid can be used as a cosmetic substance that can provide aesthetic satisfaction through physiological skin tone and texture roughness.