• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.379-384
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• 2015

Background : Considerable time and effort is required to develop new Panax ginseng varieties. Ginseng breeders have been developing techniques to shorten the breeding cycle to resolve this problem. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding $GA_3$ and alternating temperature (AT, $2^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}-2^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}2^{\circ}C$) on breaking bud dormancy in the varieties (Chungsun and Sunun) of ginseng root. Methods and Results : The $GA_3$ soaking treatment and AT were applied to one year old roots, which greatly accelerated the emergence of new buds. In one year old roots, new buds emerged from the 4th day post transplanting and after breaking dormancy with $GA_3$ and AT treatments. The emergence of new buds was completed within two weeks. The rate of bud emergence for Chungsun was 60% - 98% over 15 - 60 days after the AT and $GA_3$ treatments. The emergence rate of Sunun was 46% - 92%. Normal growth of the ginseng seedling was observed in spite of the early breaking of bud dormancy by combined $GA_3$ and AT treatments. Conclusions : $GA_3$ and AT treatments shortened the dormancy period and facilitated the stable emergence of ginseng seedlings. However, some plants suffered deformities and early sprouting owing to the combined $GA_3$ and AT treatments. Early sprouting was free from dormancy after leaf fall from the of aerial part of the plant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2019

The experiment was implemented to gain basic data for stable proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) production through germination viability and establishment uniformity based on seed refining under seed selection with specific gravity of proso millet seed. Seeds of three proso millet cultivars were carefully selected by adjusting NaCl into 9 levels (1.000, 1.005, 1.010, 1.015, 1.020, 1.025, 1.030, 1.035, 1.04 g·L^-1), and their standard germination rate, seeding quality and field emergence rate were investigated. Proso millets showed heavier thousand seed weight as specific gravity high. In standard germination, all of the 3 cultivars of selected seeding showed at least 91% germination rate. With respect to the 1.040 g·L^-1 selection by specific gravity, 'Hwanggeum' had 98.9%, 'Ibaekchal', 99.4%, and 'Hwangsilchal', 98.9%, recording the highest. Seeding quality was investigated and it was found that, compared with the non-selected seeds, selected seeds had longer plant heights and averaged 2.0, 2.2 and 1.9 cm, respectably. In terms of leaf length, only 'Hwanggeum' and 'Ibaekchal' showed distinctive differences. No significance was found in stem diameter and SPAD. The seeds selected using specific gravity all had longer or heavier average root length, root weight and stem weight. Compared with non-selected seeds, the specific gravity of 1.040 g·L^-1 had longer root lengths of 2.9, 3.0 and 2.9 cm. 1.040 g·L^-1 was also found to have the heaviest root weight, and stem weight. The field emergence viability investigation found significance solely in the mean emergence time (MET) by the cultivar. High significance was found in percent emergence (PE) and emergence rate index (ERI) in the specific gravity for the selection of seeds. All of the three cultivars showed higher PE and ERI as specific gravity selection high. The 1.040 g·L^-1 specific gravity selection had the highest PE of 90.7, 85.3 and 92.8%. For productivity increase based on improved proso millet germination rate and enhanced establishment uniformity, it seems favorable to employ 1.040 g·L^-1 specific gravity selection using salt solution.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.164-169
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• 2013

Alternatives to commercial chemical herbicide are currently being searched and tested due to the numerous adverse effects of commercially available herbicides to the environment. Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli) is an important weed species around the world, especially in paddy rice fields. This study focuses on the favorable effects of mixing pyroligneous acids with commercial liquid herbicides. Seedlings were transplanted and grown under greenhouse conditions. The effect of treatment time or leaf-stage on herbicide-pyroligneous acid efficacies was checked, coupled with isolation and quantification of biochemical compounds. Results revealed that herbicide treatment at early post emergence (2~3 leaf stage) of Echnochloa crus-galli leads to effective control. Both liquid herbicides affected fatty acid, protein, and amino acid syntheses as reflected on their contents. The influence of wood vinegar (WV) or rice vinegar (RV) on these compounds was not thoroughly verified due to lack of information on the pyroligneous products. We observed that mixing WV or RV with BCB (bentazone + cyhalof-butyl) gives more favorable results than BUC (butachlor + clomazone), mixed with WV or RV. The result would indicate the potential of mixing pyroligneous acid in reducing herbicide application rate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 1997

To cope with increasing importance of water stress in food crop production, characteristics and cultivar differences in physiological responses of winter barley plants to water stress during seedling stage were studied employing three covered-barley, Milyang 12, Durubori, and Olbori, one naked-barley, Baekdong, and one two-row beer-barley, Hyangmaeg. Water stress was given to barley plants by withholding watering in soil-culture pots or by adding P.E.G. (polyethylene glycol, M. W. 4,000) to the nutrient culture solution. When water stress was imposed by withholding watering for 10 days to the seedlings grown in pot-soil for 10 days after emergence, leaf water potential of 5 cultivars was decreased almost to the same degree, from control -3.5 bar to the water stressed -26.6 bar. However, growth and some physiological responses were differently affected by cultivars: The plant height was decreased by 16-26％ : seedling dry weight by 25∼42％ ; chlorophyll content by 21∼39％ ; second leaf survival rate by 8∼18％ ; and free proline content per gram of leaf dry weight was increased from control 0.2∼0.5mg to the water stressed 5.8∼13.2mg. Drought resistances of 5 barley cultivars, based on the leaf survival rate and the decreased rate in seedling dry weight at the end of stress treatment, were high in the order of 3 covered-barley＞naked-barley＞two-row barley.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2014

This research was carried out to determine the characteristics of germination in relation to temperature, and seedling emergence and growth affected by soil moisture in forage millet. The seeds of forage millet could germinate at more than $15^{\circ}C$ at the rate of 0, 90.5, 97.3 and 96.8% respectively 10 days after seeding at 10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$. The result showed that the temperature needs to be $15^{\circ}C$ or more for the seeds to germinate. The effects of seeding depth on the growth characteristics and emergence of millet seed were investigated in waters and direct seeding methods by thoroughly mixing the seed and soil. In water treatment, the emergence rates were 3.7% at $15^{\circ}C$, 7.6% at $20^{\circ}C$, 6.3% at $25^{\circ}C$, while direct seeding treatment showed the emergence rates of 65.6, 75 and 71% at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. At 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$, seeds in water seeding could germinate at 0.5, 1.8, 1.5 cm of soil depth, while in direct seeding, they could germinate at the depth of 9.5, 10.0, 9.9 cm. When the initial growth characteristics of the seeds were investigated, there was positive correlation between seeding depth and mesocotyl length in both water and direct seed methods. Growth and development in terms of leaf age, root length, coleoptiles and mesocotyl length, and plant height were found maximum at 0.5 cm soil depth for water seeding, and 3-5 cm soil depth for direct seeding. Results showed that there were close relationship among temperature, soil depth and moisture acquiring methods, and the combination of these factors greatly affected the initial growth characteristics and development of millet seeds. It can be concluded that, to get good seedling stand and germination of millet seed, millet should grown in field condition at the depth of 0.5 cm or less for water seeding, and 3-5 cm for direct seeding method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.224-232
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• 1990

This study was conducted to find out the improvement of water-logging injury which is an important factor of yield loss in sesame. Water-logging was treated at 10, 25, 40, 55 and 70 days after emergence for 24, 48 and 72 hours in sesame variety 'Ansanggae'. Some important agronomic characters were investigated after treatment. The important agronomic characters such as plant height, leaf area, dry matter weight, capsule setting stem length, number of capsules per plant, ripenning rate and 1,000 grain weight were most susceptible at 55 days after emergence by the water-logging treatment, and the longer period of water-logging, the more susceptible. Allmost of the useful agronomic characters were able to get over injury of water-logging only within 25days after emergence, but could not get it over since 40days. Grain yield was decreased due to the water-logging treatment by 69 to 86% in 55 days after emergence that is most susceptible stage for water-logging as compared with the untreated control which is 13g per pot, and the longer period of water-logging induced the lower yield. Oil content of grain showed significant decrease only in 55 days after emergence but the composition of fatty acid did not influenced by the water-logging.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.738-746
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• 1995

Greenhouse studies were carried out to find the difference of growth, weed competition and herbicides response in barley(Hordeum vulgare L. emend Larnark) under foggy and non-foggy condition. Plant height, leaf stage, leaf width and shoot fresh weight of barley under foggy condition were greatly increased, while heading rate ripening rate and number of grains per panicle of barley were reduced. Weed emergence based on fresh weight was much greater under foggy than that under non-foggy condition. Plant height of barley under foggy condition was increased comparing with non-foggy condition and significantly reduced with increasing the duration of weed competition, while 1,000-grain weight of barley reduced by the early competition(0∼20 days). Among the herbicides treated, butachlor and thiobencarb inhibited growth of barley under foggy than non-foggy condition. Plant height of barley treated of herbicides under foggy condition was ever increased but 1,000-grain weight of barley was reduced. Weeding efficacy(75-90%) by shoot fresh weight of weeds under foggy condition at 25 days after application was lower 3 to 15% than that under non-foggy condition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.112-118
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• 1997

This study was conducted to obtain basic information on the desalinization in newly reclaimed tideland. A desalinization experiment with leaching method was carried out using the soil samples collected in Haenam tideland, and the early growth response of winter barley to salt stress during the desalinization was investigated by measuring emergence rate, plant height, leaf area and fresh weight. The soil in Haenam tideland was saline-sodic with 59mS / cm of electrical conductivity and pH 8.0, and the soil texture was silty loam with 16％ clay and 75％ silt. Depth of water for desalinization(DWD) to decrease the electrical conductivity below 4mS /cm was 140mm in 5cm depth soil and 240mm in 20cm depth soil. The value of pH of soil and leaching water increased from 8.0 to 8.3 until the electrical conductivity decreased to about 6mS / cm during the desalinization. .The emergence rate of winter barley was over 75％ in the DWD above 80mm and showed no significant difference with the DWD. The DWD for the normal growth of winter barley seedling was above 120mm at 1 and 2 weeks after sowing(WAS), and above 160mm at 3 and 4 WAS. The leaf area and fresh weight showed no response for salt stress with the DWD above 12mm at 2 WAS, and above 16mm at 3 WAS. It was estimated that the electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract for the normal growth of winter barley during early seedling growth stage in new reclaimed tideland would be below 9mS / cm in 20cm depth soil.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.361-366
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of seeding rate and depth during broadcast sowing on growth and yield of foxtail millet and proso millet over 2 years. The rate of sowing seeds was adjusted to 5, 7, 10 and 20 kg per ha on foxtail millet, and 5, 10, 15 and 30 kg per ha for proso millet. Sowing depth was 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 cm used tractor rotary attachment for shallow-tilling. The rate of seedlings standing when foxtail millet and proso millet were sowed to a depth of 0.5~5 cm was 72.0~78.0% and 73.0~80.5%, respectively. Plant height and weight at the three-leaf stage after emergence was highest for the treatment with 3 cm rotary depth. As the rate of broadcast seed sowing increased, plant length, diameter, seed length, and seeds on the panicle decreased. The grain yield of foxtail millet was highest with broadcast seed sowing of 10 kg per ha (3652, $3977kg\;ha^{-1}$) and proso millet was highest at broadcast seed sowing of 15 kg per ha (2226, $2052kg\;ha^{-1}$) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Therefore, the optimum rate of sowed seeds under broadcast cultivation was $10kg\;ha^{-1}$ for foxtail millet and $15kg\;per\;ha^{-1}$ for proso millet. Optimum sowing depth for foxtail and proso millet under broadcast cultivation was 3 cm, using a rotary tractor attachment for shallow-tilling.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.200-222
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• 1992

The results of recent researches for improvement of seedling stand in direct seeded rice on the dry paddy in Korea were summarized as the following ; a variety to be cultivated should be chosen the characteristics of high percentage germination under low temperature, shorter period of shoot emergence, and better growth of the mesocotyl and shoots. Meanwhile, there was 40% increase in seedling stand at the treatment of removal of the seed awn under using the drill seeder. After seeding the rice seed covered with soil of 3cm depth was better seedling emergence and also there was the hightest seedling emergence at the 70% of moisture content of the soil. In addition, the application of the Release containing GA 10% enabled to increase the seedling stand and furthermore it was effective under deep seeding depth. The optimum seeding date should be seeded around May 10 when mean air temperature is above 12-13$^{\circ}C$ so that may establish more less 70% in seedling stand. Based on an appropriate seedling stand of 150/$m^2$, the optimum seeding rate was 5kg/10a. It was the best in seeding method using drill seeder and the most desirable recommended seeding method was the drill seeder in terms of seedling stand. In order to improve seedling stand water management was more effective in canal irrigation and in drainage at 6hr after irrigation following by the seeding process. On the other hand, for the increase of seedling stand under flooded condition a variety might have characters being better germination at low concentration of dissolved oxygen and vertically deeper growing of the crown root. Also, seedling stand was able to increase with the seed coating of $CaO_2$in the flooded soil. It was possible to be seeded on the early part of May being mean air temperature of avove 10$^{\circ}C$ and the optimum seeding rate was 5kg/10a. For an effective water management water would be flooded up to 3cm depth for 2-3 weeks after seeding. The rice plant grown under the direct seeded cultivation might be not so much strong in lodging resistance compared to that grown under the transplanting and moreover direct seeded rice cultivation under flooded condition would be more weak growth of the rice plant than that on dry paddy. Meanwhile, the lodging would be affected by the seeding rate, the soil depth after seeding. and seeding method even in the same variety. In particular, roots in the lodging pattern of direct seeded rice cultivation under flooded condition were largely distributed on the soil surface so that resulted easily in the lodging. In general, the lodging resistance would be greater as seeding rate and amount of N fertilizer application are lower and soil depth after seeding is higher. Among the introduction of different seeding method the high ridged drill seeding method on dry paddy soil resulted in the lowest in the lodging index and also it was lower in the drill seeding method than in the scattering seeding method under flooded condition. In case of more than 150 seedlings per $m^2$ there was a severe lodging due to high lodging index at the 3rd and 4th internodes. The effective lodging prevention was able to at the treatment of the Inabenfide at 45 days before heading and the Uniconazol at 15 days before heading which caused the shortage by 10-15cm in culm length. Also, fertilizer management using split application of nitrogen would be contributed the reduction of lodging at the rate of 20-30-20-20-10%(basal-5th leaf stage-7th leaf stage-panicle initiation stage-heading stage) on the dry paddy soil.