• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.68-73
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• 1995

Most female Great Tits lay one egg each day until the clutch is complete. However, some exceptions are found. “Pause day/s” most frequently occur after the 1st egg is laid. In general, egg-size increase with laying sequence, but there is year-to-year variation. The relationship between egg size and laying sequence is found more significantly in relatively larger clutches than in smaller ones. Great Tits tend to advance the hatching of their chicks by starting to incubate earlier in relation to clutch completion as the breeding season progresses. hatching asynchrony affects chick´s growth rate, but when the effect of laying date on hatching asynchrony is controlled, the effect of hatching asynchrony on growth rate is not found. These findings support the ´hurry-up´ hypothesis.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.107-111
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• 2002

During the breeding season of 1998, breeding ecology of the Great Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis) was studied at Yangsoo-ri and Yongdam-ri of the Yangpyung-gun, Kyunggi province, Korea. Egg-weight (CV: 6.25) was more variable than either length or breadth, and breadth was the least variable of the measures. Significant variations In overall egg-weight occurred between clutches, and that more of the total variation in egg-weight and shape are due to inter-clutch variation as to intra-clutch variation when the data were pooled. The last egg tends to be larger than the remaining eggs in the clutch of the Great Reed-Warbler, suggest- ing the Great Reed-Warbler may adopt the brood-survival strategy. When method 3 was used, the most common incubation period is 12 days. In the Great Reed-Warbler, the length of the incubation period was related to clutch-size when method 1 (r=0.485, p<0.05) and method 2 (r=0.621, p<0.01) were employed, but not related to egg weight. The average number of days of hatching asynchrony was 2.5, raging 0.5∼2.5. Asynchronous hatching was related to the clutch size (r=0.66, p<0.01). Hatching sequence was closely related to the laying sequence (r=0.93, p<0.001), suggesting Great Reed-Warblers incubate their eggs before clutch completion. The effect of egg weight on hatching asynchrony was found in Great Reed-Warblers (t-test, p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.686-691
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• 2005

Prolactin is considered to influence the taking of pauses in between ovulatory sequences in White Leghorn hens. Therefore modulating concentrations of prolactin using bromocriptine - a dopamine agonist during early life (17 to 36 weeks of age) could overcome the inhibitory effects of high concentration of prolactin on ovarian activity. The effect of modulation of prolactin concentration on egg production, sequence length and inter sequence pauses were studied by analyzing the oviposition records from 19 to 72 weeks were studied and compared with untreated controls. Bromocriptine administered subcutaneously (100 $\mu$g kg$^{-1}$ body weight or orally through feed (640 $\mu$g day$^{-1}$ bird$^{-1}$) resulted in a steady and sustained decrease in prolactin levels (p<0.01) during and after the withdrawal of treatment up to one reproductive cycle (72 weeks of age). The treated birds had comparatively longer sequences (p<0.01) and fewer pauses (p<0.01). Egg production increased (p<0.01) by fourteen per cent through subcutaneous administration and eleven per cent through oral feeding, over the control birds. It is concluded that the physiological pauses that occur during ovulatory sequences can be disrupted effectively using bromocriptine. Prolactin levels are modulated which may interfere with the follicular recruitment and subsequent oviposition thereby improve egg laying potential of the bird.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.241-245
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• 2002

During the breeding season of 1998, breeding ecology of the Great Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis) was studied at Yangsoo-ri and Yongdam-ri of the Yangpyung-gun, Kyunggi province, Korea. Egg-weight (CV: 6.25) was more variable than either length or breadth, and breadth was the least variable of the measures. Significant variations in overall egg-weight occurred between clutches, and that more of the total variation in egg-weight and shape are due to inter-clutch variation as to intra-clutch variation when the data were pooled. The last egg tends to be larger than the remaining eggs in the clutch of the Great Reed-Warbler, suggesting the Great Reed-Warbler may adopt the brood-survival strategy. When method 3 was used, the most common incubation period is 12 days. In the Great Reed-Warbler, the length of the incubation period was related to clutch-size when method 1 (r=0.485, p<0.05) and method 2 (r=0.621, p<0.01) were employed, but not related to egg weight. The averagee number of days of hatching asynchrony was 2.5, raging 0.5~2.5. Asynchronous hatching was related to the clutch size (r=0.66, p<0.01). Hatching sequence was closely related to the laying sequence (r=0.93, p<0.001), suggesting Great Reed-Warblers incubate their eggs before clutch completion. The effect of egg weight on hatching asynchrony was found in Great Reed-Warblers (t-test, p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1565-1571
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• 2003

Physiological mechanisms, involved in unusual ovulatory sequences in domestic hen are remaining undefined. One hundred individually caged white leghorn birds were divided into two equal groups viz. control and treatment, and 2-bromo-$\alpha$-ergocryptine, was administered to birds in the treatment group to modulate prolactin (PRL) secretion from anterior pituitary gland. The effect of modulation of PRL concentrations on egg production, sequence length and intersequence pause length were studied by analysis of oviposition records of the birds from 24 to 72 weeks of age. The surviving 48 birds in the control and treatment groups averaged $34.58{\pm}1.7$ and $25.67{\pm}1.15$ sequences of oviposition, with a mean sequence length of $9.92{\pm}0.63$ and ${\pm}1.12$ days respectively. Most of the birds had a single characteristically long sequence during the entire reproductive cycle, which averaged $46.04{\pm}3.09$ days in the control birds and $59.33{\pm}4.44$ days in the treated birds. 2-bromo-$\alpha$-ergocriptine treatments had significantly decreased (p$\leq$0.01) the circulating concentrations of PRL compared to the birds of the control group. This resulted in a significant increase (p$\leq$0.01) in the number of laying days in birds of the treatment group with a concomitant decrease in the intersequence pause length. The decreased PRL levels during prime sequences in birds of the both groups, reveals the negative role of the circulating PRL levels on egg production with concomitant shorter intersequence pause length. Hence, modulation of PRL with dopamine agonist may enhance the reproductive efficiency of hens later in life.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2023

The three-dimensional Hashin criterion and user subroutine VUMAT were used to simulate the damage in the composite layer, and the secondary stress criterion was used to simulate the interlayer failure of the cohesive element of the bonding layer and the propagation characteristics under the layer. The results showed that when the shear stress wave (shear wave) propagates on the surface of the laminate, the stress wave attenuation along the fiber strength direction is small, and thus producing a large stress profile. When the compressive stress wave (longitudinal wave) is transmitted between the layers, it is reflected immediately instead of being transmitted immediately. This phenomenon occurs only when the energy has accumulated to a certain degree between the layers. The transmission of longitudinal waves is related to the thickness and the layer orientation. Along the symmetry across the thickness direction, the greater is the stress amplitude along the layer direction. Based on the detailed investigation on the impact on various laminated composites carried out in this paper, the propagation characteristics of stress waves, the damage and the destruction of laminates can be explained from the perspective of stress waves and a reasonable layering sequence of the composite can be designed against damage and failure from low velocity impact.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2004

A tree structure model has been proposed for representing the unequal-area facility layout. Each facility has a different rectangular shape specified by its area and aspect ratio. In this layout problem, based on the assumption that the shop floor has enough space for laying out the facilities, no constraint is considered for a shop floor. Objectives are minimizing total part movement between facilities and total rectangular layout area where all facilities and dead spaces are enclosed. Using the genetic code corresponding to two kinds of information, facility sequence and branching positions in the tree structure model, a genetic algorithm has been applied for finding non-dominated solutions in the two-objective layout problem. We use three kinds of crossover (PMX, OX, CX) for the former part of the chromosome and one-point crossover for the latter part. Two kinds of layout problems have been tested by the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the presented algorithm is able to find good solutions in enough short time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 1992

The effects of prostaglandins (PG) and indomethacin, a PG synthesis inhibitor, on ovulation in the perfused fowl ovary were studied. Laying hens were killed by cutting the jugular vein 18-19 h before expected ovulation of the second follicle of a clutch sequence. The cannulated ovary was dissected free and connected with a recycling perfusion apparatus. Agents to be studied for their effects on ovulation were added to the perfusion fluid. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ at 0.1 and 1 mg/l induced ovulation, with a success rate of 25% and 30%, respectively. The same doses of $PGE_2$ were effective at 60% and 63%, respectively. Indomethacin partially blocked gonadotrophin-induced ovulation. It is suggested that PGs may play a supportive role in the process of follicular rupture in the domestic fowl.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.283-290
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• 2001

Various laminates consisting of thin, unidirectional layers may be achieved by laying up laminae in different reinforcement directions and stacking sequences. Thus, the behavior of nonhomogeneous, anisotropic laminated structures is quite different from that of isotropic ones. The anisotropic laminated shell theory derived here, that includes the effect of transverse shear deformations, can give higher accuracy than thin shell theories. In this paper, by using closed-form solutions for shallow shells having simple supported boundary, extensive numerical study for anisotropic laminated shells were made to investigate the stacking sequence effects for various shells, and to show comparisons to the results between this paper and the existing literature.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.3 s.56
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• pp.155-162
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• 2006

Space is integrated or segment with organic formation by circulation path. It estimates important problem to grasp as factor that promote movement of visitor and space organization without grasping circulation as connection relation about simple space function from these viewpoint, is a thing which this study does not cause confusion to visitor's circulation path through data that analyze form of space connection and visitor's circulation path as quantitative in museum space and layout form that access by easy each unit exhibition grasps what it is. This study does factor grasping for guideline and inspection circulation path of layout by purpose in exhibition space on the basis of analytical result that grasps connection form between exhibition area that grasp laying stress on visitor's movement and appears in space through follow-up survey for circulation path of museum exhibition area. Space connection form that is expose by sequence of investigation and analysis(II) estimates on constituent affecting to visitor's circulation, and these do not speak for all space connection forms at the museum, but may systematize typology about connection form of unit spaces to utilize by indicator pointer of space planning if continue study to various spatial sphere more than hereafter. Unit exhibition area, divide connection form of space by grid and tree and laying stress on this quantitative data by spectator follow-up survey comparison and Estimate that space connection form provides partial basis of judgement for supposition that can promote direction and circulation path about visitor's movement if summarize result of investigation and analysis (III).