• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2011

Ecotoxicological effects of synthetic detergents such as laundry detergent and $Shampoo^{(R)}$ on cocoon productivity, hatchability, number of hatched individuals per cocoon and growth of next generation of Eisenia fetida population were evaluated. Synthetic detergents mixed with earthworm feed increased the cocoon productivity, number of hatched individuals per cocoon and growth of next generation of Eisenia fetida population, but there was no effect on hatchability. From those results, it could be concluded that synthetic detergents that might be present in the sewage sludge would not cause ecotoxicological effect on Eisenia fetida population.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2018

A cold-active and alkaline serine protease (Pro21717) was partially purified from the Antarctic marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas arctica PAMC 21717. On a zymogram gel containing skim milk, Pro21717 produced two distinct clear-zones of approximately 37 kDa (low intensity) and 74 kDa (high intensity). These were found to have identical N-terminal sequences, suggesting they arose from an identical precursor and that the 37 kDa protease might homodimerize to the more active 74 kDa form of the protein. Pro21717 displayed proteolytic activity at $0-40^{\circ}C$ (optimal temperature of $40^{\circ}C$) and maintained this activity at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimal pH of 9.0). Notably, relative activities of 30% and 45% were observed at $0^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$, respectively, in comparison to the 100% activity observed at $40^{\circ}C$, and this enzyme showed a broad substrate range against synthetic peptides with a preference for proline in the cleavage reaction. Pro21717 activity was enhanced by $Cu^{2+}$ and remained stable in the presence of detergent surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate) and other chemical components ($Na_2SO_4$ and metal ions, such as $Ba^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $Na^{2+}$), which are often included in commercial detergent formulations. These data indicate that the psychrophilic Pro21717 has properties comparable to the well-characterized mesophilic subtilisin Carlsberg, which is commercially produced by Novozymes as the trademark Alcalase. Thus it has the potential to be used as a new additive enzyme in laundry detergents that must work well in cold tap water below $15^{\circ}C$.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.66-80
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the housewives's recognition and practice on prevention of environmental pollution. The subjects of this study were 250 housewives, school students' mothers, living in Cheong-ju. Major findings were as follows: 1. In washing their faces and brushing their teeth, they saved the water very well, but in taking bath, washing the dished, using the water of the lavatory they did not save the water so well. 2. The kinds of the cleansers differed in taking a bath, washing the hair, and doing the laundry respectively : what they use most was hard soaps in taking bath, liquid cleansers mixed with shampoo and linse in washing the hair, and synthetic powder detergent in laundrying. They used more synthetic detergent than natural soaps, which is known to be a cause of water pollution. Especially, when they cleansed, they did not use a measuring cup. It resulted in the waste of detergent and accelerating of water pollution. Therefore, the environmental education for them was very urgently needed. 3. In handling domestic waste, the separate collection rate of empty bottles and old newspapers was very high, but that of used phone-call cards and used batteries was extremely low. It was truly nessesary to educate and step up publicic activities on the separate collection of phone-call cards and batteries caused environmental pollution. 4. The housewives had much knowledge about environmental pollution, but they did not practice it so well in their home. 5. The housewives made more effort than their children in preventing environmental pollution and saving resources. In conclusion, what is most important for solving environmental problem was for each citizen to make an effort to prevent environmental pollution, and the government's support and producing the atmosphere of the society for this was really needed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.259-268
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• 2019

In this study, the extracellular metalloprotease from Serratia marcescens PPB-26 was purified to homogeneity via ethanol fractionation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Thus, a 3.8-fold purification was achieved with a 20% yield and specific activity of 76.2 U/mg. The purified protease was a 50-kDa monomer whose optimum pH and temperature for activity were 7.5 and $30^{\circ}C$ respectively; however, it was found to remain active in the 5-9 pH range and up to $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 h. The protease had a half-life of 15 days at $4^{\circ}C$, an optimum reaction time of 10 min, and an optimum substrate (casein) concentration of 0.25%. Furthermore, the Michaelis constant ($K_m$) and reaction velocity ($V_{max}$) of the protease were calculated to be 0.28% and $111.11{\mu}moles/(min{\cdot}mg)^{-1}$, respectively. The protease was stable when subjected to metal ions (2 mM), showing increased activity with most (especially $CoCl_2$ and $MgSO_4$ (30.54% increase)). It was also stable when exposed to oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and detergents (5% v/v for 60 min). It retained 93% of its activity in non-ionic detergents (Tween-20, Tween-80, and Triton X-100). Moreover, wash performance analysis in commercial detergents (Ariel and Tide) showed that not only was the protease capable of protein stain removal, but also reduced cleaning time by 80% when added to detergents. Thus, the Serratia marcescens PPB-26 metalloprotease appears to be a promising new candidate as a laundry additive in the detergent industry.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.107-113
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• 2001

Consumer Product compounds are used in homes and disposed in wastewater where they typically receive waste treatment. After treatment, sludge and effluent are released to the environment resulting in the potential exposure of terrestrial and aquatic organisms to these compounds. To ensure the environmental safety of these compounds, the environmental risk posed by chemicals released into the environment must be assessed. A reasonable, consistent and cost-effective method to conduct environmental risk assessments and to prioritize testing of these chemicals is needed which addresses risk to organisms residing in the terrestrial and aquatic compartments of the environment. This paper provides a fundamental understanding of the technical basis of environmental risk assessment using the major surfactant(i.e., LAS) used in the laundry detergent industry worldwide as a case study.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2008

Not all types of soil occurring on household fabrics can be removed by simple washing with normal surfactants. In order to achieve a satisfactory cleaning effect, an additional treatment step, called bleaching, is required in such cases. Currently, the best known bleach activator is tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED). In this study, we synthesized a novel organic bleach activator (OBA), decanoyloxyethoxycarbonyloxybenzenesulfonate. For stabilizing the OBA, it was coated with zeolite and polyethylene glycol. It is found that the stability was enhanced and OBA shows good cleansing and bleaching effects even in cold water ($20^{\circ}C$). OBA also shows easy biodegradability with 88% in the condition of OECD standard. During the cleansing process, OBA shows excellent microbiological effect against T. mentagrophytes and S. aureus.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.352-360
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• 2012

Bacillus clausii I-52 which produced SDS- and $H_2O_2$-tolerant extracellular alkaline protease (BCAP) was isolated from heavily polluted tidal mud flat of West Sea in Incheon, Korea and stable strain (transformant C5) of B. clausii I-52 harboring another copy of BCAP gene in the chromosome was developed using the chromosome integration vector, pHPS9-fuBCAP. When investigated the production of BCAP using B. clausii transformant C5 through pilot-scale submerged fermentation (500 L) at $37^{\circ}C$ for 30 h with an aeration rate of 1 vvm and agitation rate of 250 rpm, protease yield of approximately 105,700 U/mL was achieved using an optimized medium (soybean meal 2%, wheat flour 1%, sodium citrate 0.5%, $K_2HPO_4$ 0.4%, $Na_2HPO_4$ 0.1%, NaCl 0.4%, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.01%, $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.05%, liquid maltose 2.5%, $Na_2CO_3$ 0.6%). The enzyme stability of BCAP was increased by addition of polyols (10%, v/v) and also, the stabilities of BCAP towards not only the thermal-induced inactivation at $50^{\circ}C$ but also the SDS and $H_2O_2$-induced inactivation at $50^{\circ}C$ were enhanced. Among the polyols examined, the best result was obtained with propylene glycol (10%, v/v). The BCAP supplemented with propylene glycol exhibited extreme stability against not only the detergent components such as ${\alpha}$-orephin sulfonate (AOS) and zeolite but also the commercial detergent preparations. The granulized enzyme of BCAP was prepared with approximately 1,310,000 U/g of granule. Wash performance analysis using EMPA test fabrics revealed that BCAP granule exhibited high efficiency for removal of protein stains in the presence of anionic surfactants as well as bleaching agents. When compared to Savinase 6T$^{(R)}$ and Everlase 6T$^{(R)}$ manufactured by Novozymes, BCAP under this study probably showed similar or higher efficiency for the removal of protein stains. These results suggest that the alkaline protease produced from B. clausii transformant C5 showing high stability against detergents and high wash performance has significant potential and a promising candidate for use as a detergent additive.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2008

Black garments can lose color, image, and be the main cause of color staining when washed with other laundry that can cause color contamination from interaction with other garments. To know the fiber-based dye fastness for colored garments, 4-5 pieces of various fibers of different fabrics were selected; cotton, linen, wool, silk, rayon, acetate, polyester, and nylon. To determine the colorfastness to washing and crocking, the black fabrics were washed with alkali and neutral detergents under the Laund-O-Meter method under the Crockmeter method. In an alkali detergent laundering conditions, most colored samples did not undergo color or light fastness. However, most of the stained fabrics slightly changed in K/S values while other samples underwent severe changes. With neutral detergent laundering, sample fabrics underwent less shrinking, and had less naps. The stained fabrics also underwent less change in K/S values. With time-repeatedly-washing the original sample went through colorfastness to lose color. In crocking fastness, most samples produced good to excellent results under dry conditions but produced relatively low crocking fastness under wet conditions. Natural fibers especially showed lower crocking fastness than artificial fibers. In conclusion, garments of the same color should be laundered together. The black garments that are washed using neutral detergents can decrease the amount of damage from color change. While it is the responsibility of garment producers to provide appropriate quality indications they should also provide adequate instructions for consumers to understand and appropriately cope with the quality indications in order to contribute to establishing a correct laundering method.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.417-424
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• 2018

The use stage of a textile product impacts sustainability more significantly than other stages of the product's life cycle due to repeated washing and drying. This study determines efficient washing conditions, with high detergency, to reduce energy consumption from excessive washing and improve the washing process sustainability. Detergency was measured at various washing temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$) and time (10 min, 20 min, and 30 min) using standardized soiled fabrics, i.e., 100% cotton, polyester/cotton (65%/35%), and 100% polyester woven fabric soiled with pigment/sebum, carbon black/mineral oil, soot/mineral oil, cocoa, blood, and red wine. Detergency at the washing condition of $20^{\circ}C$ and 30 min was higher than that at $40^{\circ}C$ and 10 min. In addition, detergency at the condition of $40^{\circ}C$ and 30 min was also higher than that at $60^{\circ}C$ and 10 minutes. This may be because a reduced washing effect at low washing temperatures was complemented by increased mechanical action over a long time. Further, washing temperature and time, with the same detergency, differed based on the type of fiber and soil. Also, the influence of a detergent on the detergency depends on the type of soil. The results suggest that energy and detergent have been consumed more than necessary in actual laundry. According to each type of fiber and soil, washing conditions designed to reduce the energy consumption of the washing process while maintaining the same detergency, were determined.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2004

The shrinkproof-finished wool fibers treated with resin coating and chlorination methods were used to find out an optimal shrinkproof finishing method keeping the quality properties of wool fabric to manufacturers. Shrinkage during repeated washing, electrostatic propensity, thermal resistance and pilling propensity of shrinkproof-finished wool knits, and analysis of finishing methods were measured. Upon the results from the surface examination of shrinkproof-finished wool fibers, the patterns of scale layer and degree of scale removal were subject to change according to the finishing processes. The shrink resistance was significantly enhanced on repeated washing of shrinkproof-finished knits, especially, chlorinated wool. Addition of strong physical force and alkali detergent applied in this washing experiment brought about superior effects with the low shrinkage rate although it was very severe washing conditions for wool fabrics. The results from the washing experiment implies that shrinkproof-finished knitted fabrics can be machine washed at individual households with other ordinary laundry. There was some changes and variation found in thermal resistance, electrostatic propensity, and pilling, however, it seems to be minor within standard limits. Therefore, shrinkproof-finished knitted fabrics did not bring serious changes to other physical properties comparing with original wool, which helps consumers handle wool knitted clothes more conveniently.