• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.506-511
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• 1999

The pilot system for radioactive liquid laundry waste was developed with treatment capacity, 1ton/hr and set up in the Yong Kwang unit #4. The system is composed of tank module, RO systems and a UV/$H_2O$$_2$photo-oxidation unit. The RO system consists of the BW unit (low-pressure RO for brackish water desalination) and the SW unit (high-pressure RO for seawater desalination). The BW unit possesses 4 RO membranes and it can reduce the feed water volume down to 1/10. This concentrated feed water can be reduced again up to 1/10 in its volume in the SW unit composed of 4 RO membranes. The UV/$H_2O$$_2$ photo-oxidation process unit was used for the detergent degradation. The operation of the pilot system was carried out and verified in its capability through the continuous operation and concentration operation using the actual liquid waste from the power plant. The design criteria and data for industrialization were yielded. The efficiency of the UV/$H_2O$$_2$ photo-oxidation process and the optimum operational procedure were evaluated. The decontamination factors for radioactive cobalt and cesium were measured. This on-site test showed the experimental result in the DF$\geq$300 and volume reduction factor$\geq$100.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.950-960
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to provide accurate information of household washers and detergents for consumers, so that help the producers who make washing machine and detergent to get basic material and also help consumers to choose washing machine. Experiment was proceed with two type of washers to compare energy consumption, washing performance, rinsing effectiveness further, damage caused by entanglement of laundry and fabric was assessed. Detergent P and T were used to compare the performance related to differences of ingredients of detergent. Soiled fabrics of EMPA 108 set were used to evaluate performance of washing by different types of contamination. A summary of experimental results are : First, for the consumption of water, drum-type washer consumed 53% less than pulsator-type washer. On the other hand, the washing time was almost similar for both these machines, but pulsator-type washer showed shorter progress, implying that power saving was more efficient in this case. Second, the drum-type washer showed better performance for contamination with all types of detergent, but the pulsator-type washer showed better rinsing performance. Third, the drum-type washer performed less data of tangle level and fabric damage. Fourth, detergent "P" exhibited better washing performance than did detergent "T", regardless of the type of soil. And with no limit of detergent variety, water-soluble protein soil showed high removal rate, liposoluble soil especially pigment was hardly removed.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the dissolution of detergent on washing and rinsing efficiency, and the possibility of saving detergent in washing. Washing and rinsing efficiency were reviewed in three different ways : A method was to input dissolved detergent by the use of rapid detergent dissolution instrument, B method was to input dissolved detergent beforehand, and C method was to input undissolved detergent. The results were as follows 1. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with washing time and three method's gaps were reduced because detergent dissolution effect was reduced by mechanical action in proportion of washing time. Especially, according to detergency of A method of 0.07% and C method of 0.1% was appeared approximately, saving detergent was expected by rapid dissolution of detergent. 2. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with washing temperature. As the washing temperature rose, the detergent reached chemically more activated state and become easily soluble. It resulted for the detergent to penetrate and adhere to laundry easily. 3. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with detergent concentration and C method was more sensitive than A, B method against change of detergent cocentration. Rapid detergent dissolution made it possible not only to enhance the washing efficiency but also to save the detergent because detergency of A method in low concentration is higher than that of C method. 4. A method $\geq$ B method > C method was shown in rinsing ratio with detergent input method. It indicated input dissolved detergent was advantageous in rinsing. 5. The result of anion surfactant concentration test of each process with detergent input method was shown like that A method In B method > C method in washing and reverse result was shown in rinsing. The anion surfactant concentration of C method was low during washing but high during rinsing. This was identical with previous results which shown the washing and rinsing efficiency improved with dissolved detergent usasge. 6. C method > B method > A method was shown in the degree of remaining detergent after rinsing. There was no remaining detergent after second rinsing in A and B method, but in C method four rinsings were required for the same result. Consequently, in A and B methods, less water and electricity were used, and less abrasion of cloth.

• 한국농촌생활과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1995

To lead rural clothing management in the rural household, we assessed in terms of the wearing of pesticide protective clothing and care methods of contaminated clothing, consumer consciousness, the discard method of clothing et al. in rural areas of Gyonggi-Do by sampling 122 households. The results are as following ; 1. The behavior for laundering management didn't appropriate in view of certification of label about laundry method, frequency of laundry and quantitative use of detergent. Also family's cooperative attitude wasn't insufficient. 2. Reasons of dissatisfaction about retained clothing were decreased in order of discoloration, shrink or breakage after laundry, breakage of seam or cloth, unlabel, allergy from cloth. The solution of trouble was acted passively. 3. Reasons of hoarding of clothing were high because of change on size, fashion, and low because of wornout. Still-wearable garments were discarded in proportion of one to one. 4. The ratio of putting on the fatigue cap which the Once of Rural Development has propagated was under 10 percent. 5. Protective clothes against agricultural chemicals had not been prepared and contaminated clothing was often washed with regular family wash.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1589-1597
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• 2006

Nowadays, Korean consumers prefer drum-type washing machines to pulsator-type washers. Washing is a complex process involving the interaction of numerous physical and chemical influences. The main factors in the washing operations are the washing chemistry of the detergent along with the mechanical input, the wash temperature, and the time provided by the washing machine. Heavy-duty detergents that are used in drum-type washing machines contain different components from those used in vertical-axis washing machines. The bath ratio and the mechanical actions to which laundry is subjected are different between the drum-type and the vertical-axis washing machines. In this study we examined the effects of wash temperature, wash time, detergent concentration, and revolution speed on the removal of soils from artificially soiled cloths in a drum-type washing machine with heavy-duty commercial detergent. We used multiple regression analyses to find the relative importance of the factors and the optimum washing conditions. The results of these experiments showed that the washing temperature was the most important factor in the effective removal of most soils. This was followed by the washing time, the detergent concentration, and finally the revolution speed. In this study it was found that superfluous amounts of detergent did not sufficiently increase the soil removal rate. Koreans who are used to washing with cold water should increase the wash time to launder more efficiently.

• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국어업기술학회 2001년도 추계 수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
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• pp.22-22
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• 2001

Enzymes have been used in practical applications as diverse as brewing and industrial fermentations, detergent, analytical determinations and recombinant DAN technology. As processing aids, enzymes have been used in the manufacture of food products to improve their quality, solubility and stability for centuries. About 50％ of the enzyme used as industrial processing aids are pretenses which have been used in a number of industrial applications including laundry detergents, chill proofing, meat tenderizing, fermented sauces, and the production of pharmaceuticals. (omitted)

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was, to estimate the detergency of commercial detergent and to examine the interrelationship between detergency and detergent characteristics, detergent concentration, fiber characteristics, and Rolling-up phenomenon which is the major removal mechanism of oily soil. A mixture of oleic acid-olive oil was used as oily soil. The detergency was estimated by analysis of oleic acid on cotton ana polyester fabrics before and after washing by means of liquid scintillation counting. The Rolling-up of oily soil from PET film was observed and change of contact angle and removal time were measured. The results were as follows ; 1. In the case of soaps and powder synthetic detergents, the optimum concentrations we-re about $0.2\~0.3\%$. And detergencies of liquid synthetic detergents were considerably low, and the detergency was continually increased up with increasing concentration to $0.5\%$, which seemed to be caused by the lower pH than that of soap and powder synthetic deter-gent solutions. 2. As the effect of external or internal fiber structure; the detergency of cotton was lower than that of polyester. 3. In the observation of Rolling-up, the contact angle increased and the Rolling-up time became shorter with increasing detergent concentrations ($0.05\~0.5\%$). And it was confirmed that detergency was increased with Rolling-up effect. In addition, the study on the actual laundry condition was studied using the questionaire. From the results, about $76\%$ of households used the concentration of detergent roughly or excessively and housewives were highly concerned on the recommended dose, but grade of practice were very low.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2000

Abstract A facultative alkalophilic gram-negative Vibrio metschnikovii strain RH530, isolated from the wastewater, produced several alkaline proteases (VAP) including six alkaline serine proteases and a metalloprotease. From this strain, high yielding YAP mutants were isolated by NTG treatment. The isolated mutant KS1 showed nine times more activity than the wild-type after optimization of the culture media. The production was regulated by catabolite repression when glucose was added to the medium. The effects of several organic nitrogen sources on the production of the YAP were investigated to avoid catabolite repression. The combination of 4% wheat gluten meal (WGM), 1.5% cotton seed flour (eSF), and 5% soybean meal (SBM) resulted in the best production when supplemented with 1% NaCl. The YAP showed a resistance to surfactants such as $sodium-{\alpha}-olefin$ sulfonate (AOS), polyoxy ethylene oxide (POE), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), yet not to linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). However, the activity of the YAP was restored completely when incubated with LAS in the presence of POE or $Na_2SO_4$. The YAP was stable in a liquid laundry detergent containing 6.6% SLES (sodium lauryl ether sulfate), 6.6% LAS, 19.8% POE, and stabilizing agents for more than two weeks at $40^{\circ}C$, but the stability was sharply decreased even after 1 day when incubated at $60^{\circ}C$. A washing performance test with the YAP exhibited it to be a good washing power by showing 51 % and 60% activity at $25^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}40^{\circ}C$, respectively, thereby indicating that the YAP also has a good detergency at a low temperature. All the results suggest that the YAP produced from the mutant strain KSI has suitable properties for use in laundry detergents.rgents.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.753-761
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• 2006

This paper suggests the optimal conditions for the laundry to prevent from the electrostatic charge by the evaluation of the electrostatic characteristics in the full process of washing and drying. Cotton, nylon, and polyester fabrics were used as test washing specimens. Detergent and softener were used under the standard washing cycle, and then the electrostatic characteristics of laundry were measured. The results showed that the moisture regain decreased and the electrostatic charge increased with the drying time. It was observed that the specimen fabrics were already dried up before the standard drying cycle was finished. Consequently, the excessive drying caused a generation of electrostatic charge due to the removal of the trace of moisture remaining and the excessive friction. Especially, the softener played an important role to prevent from a generation of electrostatic charge, whose insertion was more effective in the drying than in the rinsing process. It was also shown that the electrostatic charge could be decreased by drying the fabrics of one kind. On the other hand, for drying the mixed kinds of fabrics, the electrostatic charge increased remarkably. Therefore we suggest that the laundry be classified according to the kinds of fiber, and then be washed and dried before excessive drying to reduce electrostatic charge And further, a proper use of softener is effective to reduce electrostatic charge.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2000

Influence of the fluorescent whitening agent(FWA)'s adsorption on the whiteness of cotton and on the color change of the dyed fabrics was investigated by repeating wash cycles. Cotton 100% and cotton60/polyester40 blended fabrics were dyed pink, blue and yellow, and cyanuric chloride diamino stilbene(CC/DAS) and distyryl bisphenyl(DSBP) were used for the FWA with laundry detergents. Fabrics were washed at $20^\circ{C}$ with Terg-o-tometer. The FWA adsorption amount was measured by the absorption intensity for the pyridine-water extracted solution. The FWA adsorption increased on the cotton fabric with the wash cycles. Though adsorption of CC/DAS continuously increased up to the 20th cycle, that of DSBP increased sharply before the 10th cycle and reached an equilibrium. The whiteness of the fabrics dried in the shade was greater than that dried under the sunlight through window glass. The color change of dyed fabrics was increased by the number of wash cycles. Pink changed more greatly than blue, yellow or grey cloth. The color change(\Delta{E)}$ of dyed fabric washed repeatedly up to the 20th cycle with the detergent without FWA was less than 1. It is recommended to wash pale colored fabric with the detergent free of FWA.