• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2010

해상풍력발전기의 기초로 사용되는 단말뚝은 풍력과 파랑하중에 의해 큰 크기의 반복수평하중을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 모래지반에서 반복수평하중을 받는 항타말뚝의 거동 특성을 조사하기 위해서 가압토조와 길이가 다른 3개의 모형말뚝을 이용해서 모형말뚝재하시험을 수행하였다. 실험결과에 따르면 하중의 최초 재하는 그 이후에 가해지는 반복재하보다 말뚝의 수평변위를 크게 발생시키고, 반복하중의 재하횟수가 증가함에 따라 1회 재하로 인해 발생하는 말뚝의 수평변위량은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 하중의 한방향 반복재하는 말뚝의 영구수평변위를 재하방향으로 증가시킨 반면, 양방향 반복재하는 최초 재하방향과 반대방향으로 말뚝의 영구수평변위를 증가시켰다. 그리고 반복 하중으로 인한 말뚝의 영구수평변위는 지반의 상대밀도가 감소하거나 말뚝에 가해지는 반복하중의 크기가 커질수록 급격히 증가하였고, 지반의 토압계수나 말뚝의 근입길이 변화에는 크게 영향을 받지 않았다. 또한 모형실험의 결과에 근거해서 하중이 한방향으로 반복재하될 때 말뚝의 영구수평변위와 영구회전각을 예측할 수 있는 산정식을 제안하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.545-561
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• 2024

Piled raft foundation has become widely used in the recent years because it can increase bearing capacity of foundation with control settlement. The design for a piled raft in terms vertical load and lateral load need to understands contribution load behavior to raft and pile in piled raft foundation system. The load-bearing behavior of the piled raft, especially concerning lateral loads, is highly complex and challenge to analyze. The complex mechanism of piled rafts can be clarified by using three dimensional (3-D) Finite Element Method (FEM). Therefore, this paper focuses on free-standing head pile group, on-ground piled raft, and embedded raft for the piled raft foundation systems. The lateral resistant of piled raft foundation was investigated in terms of relationship between vertical load, lateral load and displacement, as well as the lateral load sharing of the raft. The results show that both vertical load and raft position significantly impact the lateral load capacity of the piled raft, especially when the vertical load increases and the raft embeds into the soil. On the same condition of vertical settlement and lateral displacement, piled raft experiences a substantial demonstrates a higher capacity for lateral load sharing compared to the on-ground raft. Ultimately, regarding design considerations, the piled raft can reliably support lateral loads while exhibiting behavior within the elastic range, in which it is safe to use.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 모형실험을 실시하여 수평하중 작용 시 무리말뚝의 거동을 평가하였다. 암반을 모사한 콘크리트 블럭에 모형말뚝을 말뚝직경(D)의 1배로 근입시키고, 상부에 모래를 1m 깊이로 포설한 $2{\times}3$ 배열의 무리말뚝에 대하여 모형실험을 실시하였다. 그리고 말뚝길이는 11D, 15D와 20D의 세 종류이다. 각 조건에 대한 모형실험의 결과를 수평하중-변위 곡선으로 나타냈으며, 지반 속에서 발생한 말뚝의 변위를 측정하였다. 모형실험 결과, 말뚝 길이/직경의 비(L/D)가 작아질수록 항복하중은 커지고, 항복하중에서의 수평변위는 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 도로교설계기준의 수평변위 기준인 15mm에서의 하중을 비교한 결과, L/D가 11, 15, 20에서의 항복하중은 각각 11.7, 6.2, 3.4kN으로 나타났다. 모든 실험 조건에 대하여 지반 속에서 발생한 말뚝의 수평변위는 거의 직선적으로 나타났고, 모형 말뚝이 콘크리트 블록에 소켓된 지점에서 파괴가 발생하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.139-155
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• 2024

The piled raft foundations are subjected to lateral loading under the action of wind and earthquake loads. Their bearing behavior and flexural responses under these loadings are of prime concern for researchers and practitioners. The insufficient experimental studies on piled rafts subjected to lateral loading lead to a limited understanding of this foundation system. Lateral load sharing between pile and raft in a laterally loaded piled raft is scarce in literature. In the present study, lateral load-displacement, load sharing, bending moment distribution, and raft inclinations of the piled raft foundations have been discussed through an instrumented scaled down model test in 1 g condition. The contribution of raft in a laterally loaded piled raft has been evaluated from the responses of pile group and piled raft foundations attributing a variety of influential system parameters such as pile spacing, slenderness ratio, group area ratio, and raft embedment. The study shows that the raft contributes 28-49% to the overall lateral capacity of the piled raft foundation. The results show that the front pile experiences 20-66% higher bending moments in comparison to the back pile under different conditions in the pile group and piled raft. The piles in the piled raft exhibit lower bending moments in the range of 45-50% as compared to piles in the pile group. The raft inclination in the piled raft is 30-70% less as compared to the pile group foundation. The lateral load-displacement and bending moment distribution in piles of the single pile, pile group, and piled raft has been presented to compare their bearing behavior and flexural responses subjected to lateral loading conditions. This study provides substantial technical aid for the understanding of piled rafts in onshore and offshore structures to withstand lateral loadings, such as those induced by wind and earthquake loads.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.315-319
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• 2009

Investigation of the lateral force fluctuations in an axisymmetric overexpanded compressed truncated perfect (CTP) nozzle for the shutdown transient is presented. These nozzles experience side-loads during start-up and shut-down operations, because of the flow separation at nozzle walls. Two types of flow separations such as free shock separation (FSS) and restricted shock separation (RSS) shock structure occur. A two-dimensional unsteady numerical simulation has been carried out over an axisymmetric CTP nozzle to simulate the lateral force fluctuations in nozzle during shutdown process. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved using a fully implicit finite volume scheme. Governing equations are solved by coupled implicit scheme. Two equation k-$\omega$ SST turbulence model is selected. Unsteady pressure is measured at four locations along the nozzle wall. Present pressure variation compared well with the experimental data. During shutdown transient, separation pattern varies from FSS to RSS and finally returns to FSS. Several pressure peaks are observed during the RSS separation pattern. These pressure peaks generate lateral force or side loads in rocket nozzle.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 지진하중을 받는 고층 RC 골조구조물의 횡변위를 정량적으로 제어할 수 있는 방안을 제시한다. 이를 위해 수학적인 일반성을 가지면서 큰 규모의 문제도 효율적으로 다룰 수 있는 근사화 개념을 도입하여 횡변위 구속조건식을 설정한다. 아울러 구조부재의 단면특성 관계식을 설정함으로써 설계변수의 수를 줄여주고, 초기에 주어진 단면형상이 최적설계 과정동안 계속 유지된다는 가정을 이용하여 최적설계결과에서 구해진 단면특성에 따라 부재단면크기를 산출하는 방안을 강구한다. 특히 근사화된 횡변위구속조건식을 정식화 하기 위해 동적 변위민감도해석 방안이 고려된다. 이와 같이 제시된 동적 강성최적설계 기법의 효용성을 검토하기 위해 10층과 50층 규모의 삼차원 RC 골조구조물 모델이 고려된다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.163-178
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• 2016

Composite Lightweight (CL) insulated walls have gained wide adoption recently because the exterior claddings of steel building frames have their cost effectiveness, good thermal and structural efficiency. To investigate the seismic behavior, lateral stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation of steel frames with the CL infill walls, five one-story one-bay steel frames were fabricated and tested under cyclic loads. Test results showed that the bolted connections allow relative movement between CL infill walls and steel frames, enabling the system to exhibit satisfactory performance under lateral loads. Additionally, it is found that the addition of diagonal steel straps to the CL infill wall significantly increases the initial lateral stiffness, load-carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the system. Furthermore, the test results indicate that the lateral stiffness values of the frames with the CL infill wall are similar to those of the bare steel frames in large lateral displacement.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.293-318
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the elastic stiffness properties of Elliptic-Braced Moment Resisting Frame (EBMRF) subjected to lateral loads. Installing the elliptic brace in the middle span of the frames in the facade of a building, as a new lateral bracing system not only it can improve the structural behavior, but it provides sufficient space to consider opening it needed. In this regard, for the first time, an accurate theoretical formulation has been developed in order that the elastic stiffness is investigated in a two-dimensional single-story single-span EBMRF. The concept of strain energy and Castigliano's theorem were employed to perform the analysis. All influential factors were considered, including axial and shearing loads in addition to the bending moment in the elliptic brace. At the end of the analysis, the elastic lateral stiffness could be calculated using an improved relation through strain energy method based on geometric properties of the employed sections as well as specifications of the utilized materials. For the ease of finite element (FE) modeling and its use in linear design, an equivalent element was developed for the elliptic brace. The proposed relation was verified by different examples using OpenSees software. It was found that there is a negligible difference between elastic stiffness values derived by the developed equations and those of numerical analysis using FE method.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.38-57
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• 2000

This paper deals with reliability analysis of specially orthotropic plates subjected to transverse lateral pressure loads by using Monte Carlo simulation method. The plates are simply supported around their all edges and have a low short span to plate depth ratio with rectangular plate shapes. Various levels of reliability analyses of the plates are performed within the context of First-Ply-Failure(FPF) analysis such as ply-/laminate-level reliability analyse, failure tree analysis and sensitivity analysis of basic design variables to estimated plate reliabilities. In performing all these levels of reliability analyses, the followings are considered within the Monte Carlo simulation method: (1) input parameters to the strengths of the plates such as applied transverse lateral pressure loads, elastic moduli, geometric including plate thickness and ultimate strength values of the plates are treated as basic design variables following a normal probability distribution; (2) the mechanical responses of the plates are calculated by using simplified higher-order shear deformation theory which can predict the mechanical responses of thick laminated plates accurately; and (3) the limit state equations are derived from polynomial failure criteria for composite materials such as maximum stress, maximum strain, Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu and Hoffman.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.487-495
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• 2013

국내 현실을 고려한 직접해석법 적용 방안의 제안을 위한 기초 연구로 국내의 강구조물 제작 및 설치시 적용되는 초기변형 허용값을 반영한 직접해석법 적용의 타당성을 해석적으로 평가하였다. 해석의 주요 변수로는 골조의 규모, 축력비, 축력분포, 가상하중 크기, 가상하중 가력 위치, 최소수평하중 개념 적용 여부 등을 적용하였다. 수치해석적 연구 결과 국내 초기변형 허용값인 L/700의 적용은 타당한 것으로 나타났으며, 이를 위한 방안으로 초기변형 허용값 L/700에 근거한 가상하중을 B2계수의 결과가 1.5 이하이고 수평하중이 존재하는 경우에라도 수평하중과 가상하중간에 최소수평하중 개념을 이용하여 층수평하중 형태로 가력하는 방법을 제안하였다.