• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.29
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• pp.1-36
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• 2017

The purpose of this article is to investigate the future prospects for establishing the True Donghak phase of Daesoon Thought. The True Donghak refers to 'the future prospect of having a true life, true thinking, and true living' in which enjoying the world in a state of good fortune became a true reality after the death of Suwun, according to faith in Gucheon Sangje. The correlation between "Attending to the Lord of Heaven" in Donghak, and "The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth" in Daesoon shows the prospect of achieving the Daesoonist transformation into energy to gain true life and re-creation. The correlation between "Nourishing the Lord of Heaven" in Donghak and "Attending to Study and Attending to Law" in Daesoon show the transformation of Daesoon-reason into true thinking and renewing. The correlation between "Humanity is Divine" in Donghak and "The Salvation of Humanity is the Will of Heaven" in Daesoon show transformation into the practice of Daesoon for the true living and renewing. This investigation utilizes the literature review and the generation theory of life-philosophy to examine revelations regarding the conversation between Spirit and Mind. This is the future prospect for the establishing the True Donghak phase of Daesoon thought. It consists of a threefold connection among life, thinking, and living. The "public-centered spirituality of Daesoon Truth" which connects and mediates among people appears in three aspects. Firstly, it is thought to be the vision of the true life through the 'renewal of active, energetic power' bestowed by Gucheon Sangje. Secondly, it is thought to be the vision of true thinking through the "renewal via freedom from delusion". Thirdly, it is thought to be the vision of true living through the "renewal of true mind". To bring about the creation of true Donghak, Gucheon Sangje incarnated to the Korean peninsula instead of Suwun and the salvation of the world salvation now centers on Korea with regards to the threefold connection future prospect. Gucheon Sangje's revelation addresses and solves the postscript problem of Chosun and further establishes a Utopia. Suwun established Donghak but failed later on due to his lankiness. At last the true Donghak has been opened for the future by Gucheon Sangje and Jeongsan's fifty years of religious accomplishments. In the long run, it has been developed further by Woodang's Daesoon Jinrihoe.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.635-646
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• 1995

Mineralized zone in the Dongyang talc deposits occurs on the lowest dolomite member of the Hyangsanri Dolomite belonging to the Ogcheon Supergroup. Ore bodies are emplaced as pipe-like body along the axis of minor folds plunging $40^{\circ}$ to the west developed in these dolomite layers. Amphibolite and chlorite schist are found along the upper or lower contact of all ore bodies (Kim et al., 1963; Park and Kim, 1966). Following the recrystallization and silicification of dolomite, tremolite and tabular and leafy talc(I) of the earlier stage formed, and microcrystalline talc(II) formed in the later stage. Talc(l) and tremolite formed by the reaction between dolomite and the fluid. Whereas talc (II) formed by the reaction between dolomite and fluid, or by the reaction between early formed tremolite and fluid. During the early stage of mineralization, the fluid was the $H_2O-CO_2$ system dominant in $CO_2$, In the later stage, the composition of the fluid changed to $H_2O-NaCl-CO_2$system, and finally to the $H_2O-NaCl$ system. The pressure and temperature conditions of the formation of tremolite associated with talc(I) were 1,640~2,530 bar, and $440{\sim}480^{\circ}C$, respectively. The pressure and temperature condition of talc(II) ore formation was 1,400~2,200 bar, and $360{\sim}390^{\circ}C$, respectively. These conditions are much lower than the metamorphic pressure and temperature of the rocks from the Munjuri Formation located about 5 km to the noJ:th of Dongyang talc deposit ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of dolomite which is the host rock of the talc ore deposit are 2.9~5.7‰ (PDB), and -7.4~l6.8‰ (PDB), respectively. These values are little higher than those from the Cambro-Ordovician limestones of the Taebaeksan region, but belong to the range of the unaltered sedimentary dolomite. ${\delta}^{18}O$and ${\delta}D$ values of the talc from Dongyang deposit are 8.6~15.8‰ (vs SMOW), and -65~-90‰ (vs SMOW), respectively, belonging to the range of magmatic origin. These values are quite different from those measured in the metamorphic rocks of Munjuri and Kyemyungsan Formation. ${\delta}^{34}S$ value of anhydrite is 22.4‰ (CDT), which is much lower than ${\delta}^{34}S$ (30‰ vs COT) of sulfate of early Paleozoic period, and indicates the possibility of the addition of magmatic sulfur to the system. Talc ores show the textures of weak foliation and well developed crenulation cleavages. Talc ore deposit in the area is concluded as hydrothermal replacement deposit formed before the latest phase of the deformations that Ogcheon Belt has undergone.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 2008

In the process of bone remodeling, mineral phase of bone is dissolved by osteoclasts, resulting in elevation of calcium concentration in micro-environment. This study was performed to explore the effect of high extracellular calcium ($Ca{^{2+}}_e$) on mineralized nodule formation and on the expression of progressive ankylosis (Ank), plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 (PC-1) and osteopontin by primary cultured mouse calvarial cells. Osteoblastic differentiation and mineralized nodule formation was induced by culture of mouse calvarial cells in osteoblast differentiation medium containing ascorbic acid and ${\beta}$-glycerophosphate. Although Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin are well known inhibitors of mineralization, expression of these genes were induced at the later stage of osteoblast differentiation during when expression of osteocalcin, a late marker gene of osteoblast differentiation, was induced and mineralization was actively progressing. High $Ca{^{2+}}_e$(10 mM) treatment highly enhanced mRNA expression of Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin in the late stage of osteoblast differentiation but not in the early stage. Inhibition of p44/42 MAPK activation but not that of protein kinase C suppressed high $Ca{^{2+}}_{e^-}$induced expression of Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin. When high $Ca{^{2+}}_e$(5 mM or 10 mM) was present in culture medium during when mineral deposition was actively progressing, matrix calcifiation was significantly increased by high $Ca{^{2+}}_e$. This stimulatory effect was abolished by pyrophosphate (5 mM) or levamisole (0.1-0.5 mM), an alkaline phosphatase inhibitor. In addition, probenecid (2mM), an inhibitor of Ank, suppressed matrix calcification in both control and high $Ca{^{2+}}_{e^-}$treated group, suggesting the possible role of Ank in matrix calcification by osteoblasts. Taken together, these results showed that high $Ca{^{2+}}_e$ stimulates expression of Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin as well as matrix calcification in late differentiation stage of osteoblasts and that p44/42 MAPK activation is involved in high $Ca{^{2+}}_{e^-}$induced expression of Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 1997

Perovskite $BaTiO_3$ thin films on stainless steel substrate were prepared by using electrochemical reduction method in solution of $TiCl_4\;and\;Ba(N0_3)_2$. According to current density and electrolysis time. the morphology and thickness of film were varied. Ra/'Ti atomic ratio in $BaTiO_3$ film was controlled by Ha/Ti atomic ratio in solution. Although the excess $TiO_2{\cdot}nH_2O$ film was coated in initial stage of electrolysis. UiilTi atomic ratio in film was nearly constant in later stage. $BaTiO_3$ film precursor was obtained under the condition of $1OmA/cm^2$ current density and Smin electrolysis time. $BaTiO_2$ thin films with perovskite phase were formed 11,. the heat treatment above $500^{\circ}$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1038-1047
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• 2008

This study aimed at targeting fixed increases in body weight (100 g/wk) by quantitatively regulating energy allowances (ME) in broiler breeders from 5 to 20 wks of age. Four energy regimes were tested: 1. The energy required for maintenance, activity and growth was calculated for 100 g increases in body weight/wk and a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was offered to the control group (ME-100) to achieve the anticipated weight gain. The energy allowances increased with age from 132 to 294 kcal/d. 2. Additionally, three energy regimes were considered, quantitatively reducing ME by 10% (ME-90) or 20% (ME-80) and increasing by10% (ME-110) over the control group. Each test group had 23 replicates5 female chicks housed in cages. The influence of energy regimes and age on growth, nutrient digestibility, carcass attributes, bone parameters and stress was evaluated at 4 wk intervals. Quantitative ME restriction by 10% (119-265 kcal/d) produced an average weight gain of 98.1 g/wk, which was closer to the targeted increase of 100 g/wk, whereas the control group attained it nine days earlier. Restriction of energy by 10 or 20% produced better conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein and apparent digestibility of protein, Ca and P than 10% excess ME. Energy regimes did not influence eviscerated meat yield, but higher energy allowances (ME-110) significantly increased abdominal fat pad and liver weights and decreased giblet weight, percent muscle protein and tibia ash. Relatively higher stress was recorded in ME-restricted groups, as reflected by wider heterophil and lymphocyte ratios and increased bursa weight. Early age (5-12 wk) significantly influenced bone mineralization, conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein and apparent digestibility of protein, Ca and P, while later ages (13-20 wk) increased eviscerated meat yield, abdominal fat, tibia weight and muscle protein and reduced stress. Energy regime x age interactions were significant and are discussed. In conclusion, the synthetic broiler line used in our study responded positively to controlled energy feeding during the rearing period. Breeders offered 119-265 kcal/d, a reduction of 10% energy over the control group, were more effective in regulating grower performance than the latter. In addition to energy regimes, age intervals also exhibited significant influence on specific parameters during the grower phase.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.151-168
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• 2017

Current research aimed to demonstrate a way to enhance the aesthetic experience of the general public while appreciating contemporary art via online platform. Contemporary art is highly complicated and are avoided by the general public. Meanwhile, previous research confirmed that external information can lead to better aesthetic experience and appreciation of the artwork. Therefore, current research hypothesized that provision of explicit information may enhance the appreciation of contemporary artworks and aimed to demonstrate which phase of the cognitive process from Leder et al. (2004) profits from the aid of written information. Experimental environment reproduced online curating platform to reflect the current trend on exhibition. In experiment 1, subjects were presented with written information and reported how well they understood the artwork, and their willingness to visit the artwork in real life. Results revealed that written information had a positive effect on overall appreciation. Further analysis discovered a full mediation between information comprehension, artwork comprehension, and willingness to visit. In experiment 2, ARS questions and an interactive interface were added. Results indicated that information enhanced comprehension and intention to visit the artwork. Expertise, self-reference, and artistic quality which belong to later stages of Leder et al. (2004) model, acquired higher scores on information conditions. In sum, the current research illustrated clear effects of explicit information in inducing better aesthetic experience and cognitive process of contemporary artworks in online environment.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle activity and vertical ground reaction force(F) in children with Down syndrome(DS) during vertical jump. Six DS and one healthy child performed vertical jump. Four muscles(Biceps femoris, Rectus femoris, Tibialis anterior & Gastrocnemius) and F were analyzed. Gastrocnemius in DS showed lower muscle activity in a propulsive phase. Impulse during 0.3sec before toe-off in DS displayed lower value than that in the healthy child. The second peak of F in DS occurred later than that in the healthy child, so DS performed landing with their knee more flexed. The first and second peak of F and loading rate to the second peak of F in DS showed lower value than those in the healthy child. Therefore, DS might have lower ability to absorb the force while landing from a vertical jump.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.230-234
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• 1999

To improve the crossflow untrafiltration flux, we applied periodic oscillations in transmembrane pressure gradient in order to promote fluid turbulence by inducing repeated compression and relaxation of the cake/gel layer. The oscillatory forms used were square-, sine-, triangle-wave, and pumping interruption. The permeate flux profiles were mathematically simulated and compared with the experimental data. The result showed the periodic pumping interruption most effectively improved the overall flux by up to about 32%. Enough pumping off-time, at least on the order of tens of seconds, was needed to allow the solutes in the layer to diffuse back to the bulk phase. It was better to start the oscillations earlier before the layer was fully established. The square-wave oscillation yielded about 11% increase, which was particularly pronounced in the later part of the filtration. Either the amplitude or the period of the oscillations resulted little influence on flux.actate ester, and lactate ester produced in esterification reaction was distilled simultaneously with hydrolysis reaction into lactic acid. When the yields of lactic acid recovered by batch reactive distillations with various alcohols were compared, the yield of lactic acid was increased as the volatility of lactate ester was increased. In this batch reactive distillation, because the mixtures condensed in partial condensor were flown to reboiler through distillation column, the recovery yield of lactic acid was affected by operation temperature of partial condensor. Hydrolysis reaction into lactic acid in distillation column rarelyoccurred because of short retention time of lactate ester and water. Lactate ester was reacted into lactic acid in reboiler.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.509-514
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• 2012

We have found that the previously uncharacterized bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9) is one of the most osteogenic factors. However, it is unclear if BMP9 cross-talks with $TGF{\beta}1$ during osteogenic differentiation. Using the recombinant BMP9 adenovirus, we find that low concentration of rh$TGF{\beta}1$ synergistically induces alkaline phosphatase activity in BMP9-transduced C3H10T1/2 cells and produces more pronounced matrix mineralization. However, higher concentrations of $TGF{\beta}1$ inhibit BMP9-induced osteogenic activity. Real-time PCR and Western blotting indicate that BMP9 in combination with low dose of $TGF{\beta}1$ potentiates the expression of later osteogenic markers osteopontin, osteocalcin and collagen type 1 (COL1a2), while higher concentrations of $TGF{\beta}1$ decrease the expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin but not COL1a2. Cell cycle analysis reveals that $TGF{\beta}1$ inhibits C3H10T1/2 proliferation in BMP9-induced osteogenesis and restricts the cells in $G_0/G_1$ phase. Our findings strongly suggest that $TGF{\beta}1$ may exert a biphasic effect on BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2011

Pigments in the diet affect yolk colors. Due to variations in both the bioavailability of pigments in chickens and their amounts occurring in the feed ingredients, concern about egg quality arises in terms of yolk color. In this study, the effects of pigments, produced through cell culture in the laboratory, on yolk colors were determined for 4 weeks in laying hens receiving one of the 6 dietary treatments: control diets containing 1) no synthetic pigments (CON); 2) canthaxanthin (4 ppm) purchased from BASF (BASF); 3) cultured cells so that the diet had canthaxanthin at 4 ppm (CX); 4) cultured cells so that the diet had lycopene at 30 ppm (LP); 5) canthaxanthin (4 ppm) that was purified from cultured cells (SPCX); or 6) lycopene (30 ppm) that was purified from cultured cells. Relation between deposition of pigments into yolks and egg production was also tested. Yolk color of eggs from chickens fed dietary CX was significantly enhanced, which was slightly but significantly below that of BASF. Results from other treatments were lower than those of CX. Deposit rates of pigments into yolks were: BASF > CX > SPCX > LP > SPLP. The amounts of pigments, with the exception of SPLP, in feed were not changed during the storage for 4 weeks at $25^{\circ}C$. Egg production rates varied among treatments during the initial phase of the study but became relatively uniform at the later stage, except for CON and LP groups. The results of the present study indicate that the deposition of pigments into yolks is independent of egg production.