• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1178-1191
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• 2008

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine Powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}A$. The effects of the SSJHT hot water extract on expression of IL-1RA, $IL-1{\beta}$$, IL-6, IL-10, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, CD68, CD11b and AChE (3) and the infarction area of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The SSJHT hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and increased IL-1RA, IL-10 in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. The SSJHT hot water extract suppressed the production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ significantly in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured step-through latency. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$$, $L-1{\beta}$ protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the MDA and suppressed the over-expression of CD68, CD11b in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder significantly decreased AChE activity in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus. and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The results suggest that the SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the SSJHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.47-67
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• 2004

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of Scolopendrid Water-Alcohol Extract (SWAE) applied to acupuncture point BL23 (Shinsu) on the neuropathic pain was examined. A common source of persistent pain in humans is the neuropathic pain. Anti-convulsant drugs are used to treat the neuropathic pain. In the oriental medicine, Scolopendrid was used for long time to treat convulsant syndrome and back pain, etc. Methods : On the bases of the Scolopendrid clinical application, the effect of SWAE applied to the acupuncture point was tested in the rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced by tight ligation of L5 spinal nerve. When rats developed pain behaviors, One hundred microliter of SWAE was applied into the ipsilateral BL23 point at a dose of 10 mg/ml under enflurane anesthesia. The foot withdraw latency of the hind limb was measured for an indicator of pain level after each manipulation. Results : SWAE injection increased the mechanical threshold of the foot in the rat model of neuropathic pain significantly for the duration of 4h, suggesting a partial alleviation of pain. SWAE applied to BL23 point produced a significant improvement of mechanical sensitivity of the foot lasting for at least 4h. However, neither contralateral BL23 point, ST25 (Chonchu) point, nor LR3 (Taechung) point produce as much increase of mechanical sensitivity as ipsilateral BL23 point. And, this increase of mechanical sensitivity was dose-dependent. The improvement of mechanical threshold was interpreted as an analgesic effect. In addition, the analgesic effect of Scolopendrid 4 mg/kg injection is equivalent to that of gabapentin 50 mg/kg injection. The relations between SWAE-induced analgesia and endogenous nitric oxide(NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS)/neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) were also examined. Results were turned out that both NO production and nNOS/iNOS protein expression which are increased by nerve injury were suppressed by SWAE injection applied to BL23 point. Conclusions : The data suggest 1) that SWAE produces a potent analgesic effect on the neuropathic pain model in the rat and 2) that SWAE-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS/iNOS protein expression.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.983-988
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• 2010

The present study aims to investigate a possible mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in the spinal dorsal horn that may underlie N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The hot plate latency of the ipsilateral hindpaw of EA-treated rats was significantly decreased compared with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-injected ones. The expressions of NR1 and NR2B subuint mRNA of NMDA receptor in the whole L4-5 segments are decreased by CFA treatment, but NR2B subunit was significantly recovered by EA treatment. When we detected the expression of ERK, there were no significant difference between normal and CFA-treated rats with EA or NMDA receptor antagonist MK801. But phosphorylated ERK expressions were markedly induced by CFA, but these inductions were significantly modulated by EA treatment. Although hosphorylation of ERK was also arrested by MK801, these inductions of CFA-injected rats was markedly inhibited only by co-treatment with EA and MK801. Phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), ERK-related transcriptional factor, showed a significant increase in CFA-treated rats and this increase was slightly inhibited by EA and MK801 treatments. But immunoreaction for phosphorylated CREB were significantly increased by CFA treatment in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn and these inductions were significantly arrested by co-treatment of EA and MK801. Consequently, the hyperalgesia induced by CFA are associated NMDA receptor and EA and MK801 may showed anti-hyperalgesia via same mechanism for inhibition of ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the dorsal horn.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.59-76
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• 2004

Objectives : The usage of acupuncture has gained popularity for certain chronic pain conditions. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in various diseases has not been fully established and the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to yangno$(SI_6)$ on the neuropathic pain was examined. Methods : A common source of persistent pain in human is a neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced by tight ligation of L5 spinal nerve. When rats developed pain behaviors, EA was applied for 30 min. under enflurane anesthesia with repeated train stimuli at the intensity of 10X of muscle twitch threshold. The foot withdraw latency of the hind limb was measured for an indicator of pain level after each manipulation. Results : EA increased the mechanical threshold of the foot in the rat model of neuropathic pain significantly for the duration of 1 hr. suggesting a partial alleviation of pain. EA applied to SI6 point produced a significant improvement of mechanical sensitivity of the foot lasting for at least 1 h. However, $ST_{36}$ point did not produce any significant increase of mechanical sensitivity. The improvement of mechanical threshold was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effort was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the neuropathic pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a point, $ST_{36}$. In addition, this analgesic effect of EA is mediated by a adrenergic mechanism of descending control of spinal cord from the brain. Conclusions : The data suggest that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the neuropathic pain model in the rat; and 2) that EA-induced analgesia is mediated by a adrenergic mechanism of descending control in a point specific manner.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.231-246
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• 2000

Acupuncture has been used for treatment of numerous diseases, especially for pain control in the oriental culture. However, the mechanism of pain control by acupuncture was not clear so far. The present study was examined that the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) applied to the acu-point of extra-segmental area on modulation of formalin induced pain in Sprague - Dawley rats. In order to apply EA to acu-points in the plantar area of right fore paws, a pair of teflon - coated stainless steel wires were implanted in HT 7 (shin-mun) and PC 7 (dae-neong) 5 days before behavioral test. A behavioral test was performed by means of video camera after injection of 5% formalin ($50{\mu}l$) into the lateral plantar region of left hind paw. EA was delivered by a constant current stimulator at 4~5 mA, 2 ms, and 10 Hz for 30 min. The electromyographic activities were recorded in the biceps femoris muscle under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Test stimuli with 1~9mA were applied to the sural nerve territory including the medial portion of the 4th toe and the lateral portion of the 5th toe. Behavioral responses including favoring, flinching and bitting were occured in the biphasic pattern, such as the lst phase (0~5 min) and the 2nd phase (20~45 min) after formalin injection. However, EA (4~5 mA, 2 ms, 10 Hz) significantly inhibited Che behavioral responses. EMG activities of flexor reflex had a latency of 100~300 ms and thresholds of test stimuli for EMG were 4~5 mA in normal rats. Injection of formalin decreased threshold of test stimuli and increased EMG activities for 2hrs after injection. However, EA significantly inhibited EMG activities of flexor reflex increased by formalin and recovered EMG evoked thresholds. These results suggest that contralateral extra-segmental EA inhibits the first and second phases of formalin induced pain but their mechanism be needed to examine additionally.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.688-699
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• 2007

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine Powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}$A. The effects of the SST hot water extract on expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and production of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) expression of IL-1${\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, MDA, (3) Glucose, AChE in serum (4) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}$A were investigated. The SST hot water extract suppressed the expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-a mRNA ${\alpha}$in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. The SST hot water extract suppressed the production of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency. The SST ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of TNF-a protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the MDA and suppressed the over-expression of CD68, CD11b in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE significantly in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the tau protein, GFAP, and presenilin1, 2 of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. These results suggest that the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of A1zheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2011

Objects: In July 2 2010, a diarrhea outbreak occurred among the workers in a company in Gyeungju city, Korea. An epidemiological investigation was performed to clarify the cause and transmission route of the outbreak. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey among 193 persons, and we examined 21 rectal swabs and 6 environmental specimens. We also delegated the Daegu Bukgu public health center to examine 3 food service employees and 5 environmental specimens from the P buffet which served a buffet on June 30. The patient case was defined as a worker of L Corporation and who participated in the company meal service and who had diarrhea more than one time. We also collected the underground water filter of the company on July 23. Results: The attack rate of diarrhea among the employees was 20.3%. The epidemic curve showed that a single exposure peaked on July 1. The relative risk of attendance and non-attendance by date was highest for the lunch of June 30 (35.62; 95% CI, 2.25 to 574.79). There was no specific food that was statistically regarded as the source of the outbreak. $Bacillus$ $cereus$ was cultured from two of the rectal swabs, two of the preserved foods and the underground water filter. We thought the exposure date was lunch of June 30 according the latency period of $B.$ $cereus$. Conclusions: We concluded the route of transmission was infection of dishes, spoons and chopsticks in the lunch buffet of June 30 by the underground water. At the lunch buffet, 50 dishes, 40 spoons, and chopsticks were served as cleaned and wiped with a dishcloth. We thought the underground water contaminated the dishes, spoons, chopsticks and the dishcloth. Those contaminated materials became the cause of this outbreak.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권9호
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• pp.848-854
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• 2007

목 적 : 최근 모유 수유에 대한 관심이 증가되고 있으나 모유 수유를 위한 충분한 교육과 여건이 성숙되지 못한 상황에서 이를 고집하여 조기 모유 황달이 증가하는 경향이 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 황달의 원인과 위험인자, 핵황달의 조기 예측도구로서 ABR 검사의 유용성을 알아보고자 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2005년 9월부터 2006년 5월까지 신생아 황달로 입원치료 받은 환아 중 임신과 분만 시 관련 합병증이 없었던 출생체중 2,500 g 이상, 재태 주령 37주에서 42주의 36명을 대상으로 하였다. 이 중 전적으로 모유 수유만을 시행한 환아 23명을 모유 수유군으로 하였고, 모유 수유를 우선으로 하였으나 부족분을 조제유로 보충한 13명을 혼합 수유군으로 하였다. 결 과 : 두 군간 임상적 특성은 통계학적 차이가 없었고 다만 외래 방문 시 일령은 모유 수유군($8.7{\pm}3.6$일)이 혼합 수유군($6.0{\pm}1.9$일)에 비해 유의하게 늦었으며(P=0.009), 1주 이후인 경우에서 혈청 빌리루빈이 높은 경향이 관찰되었다. 모유 수유군이 23명(63.9%), 혼합 수유군 13명(36.1%)으로 조사되었고, 혼합 수유의 경우 산모가 적극적으로 모유 수유를 원했으나 모유량의 부족으로 인한 선택이었으며, 모유 수유군에서 혼합 수유군에 비해 유의하게 체중 감소가 심하였다(P<0.05). 비정상 ABR은 혈청 빌리루빈 33.5 mg/dL(외래 방문 시 일령 9일), 32.1 mg/dL (외래 방문 시 일령 7일), 20.3 mg/dL(외래 방문 시 일령 13일) 의 3례에서 V 파형의 소실이 관찰되었고 추적검사가 이루어진 경우 회복을 보였다. ABR 검사 상 70 dB 자극에서 III 파형이 혈청 빌리루빈 값의 증가에 따른 잠복기 연장이 유의한 상관관계를 보였고(P=0.002), 연령을 포함한 다중회귀분석에서도 혈청 빌리루빈 값과 유의한 결과를 확인할 수 있었다(P<0.01). 결 론 : 신생아 황달에서 핵황달의 조기 예측도구로서 ABR 검사를 이용하기 위해서는 향후 지속적인 연구를 통해 파형의 소실 외에도 유의한 잠복기의 연장이나 파형의 변형에 따르는 분석을 위해 검사방법과 정상치를 표준화함으로써 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한 모유 수유의 경우 조기 모유 황달을 예방하려면 산모에 대한 충분한 교육 및 생후 1주 이내의 외래 방문을 권할 필요가 있으며, 혈청 빌리루빈 및 ABR 검사를 시행하면 교환 수혈의 시행 여부에도 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

본 연구는 한국인이 일상생활에서 주로 상용하는 미나리에 대해 기억력 관련 효과와 항산화 효과, 미나리 추출물의 flavonoid 중 isorhamnetin을 분석하여 기능성식품 개발 및 이용에 기여하고자 실시하였다. Acetylcholinesterase의 활성 억제를 측정한 결과 화순미나리 추출물이 28.59%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 나주미나리 추출물 25.11%와 유의적인 차이가 없었다. SH-SY5Y 세포사멸에 미치는 영향을 측정한 결과 DMSO와 비교하여 화순미나리 추출물 37.23%와 나주미나리 추출물 36.68%로 세포사멸이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 수동회피실험 결과 scopolamine 처리에 의해 기억력이 손상된 동물모델에서 미나리 추출물을 투여하였을 때 vehicle control보다 latency time이 높게 나타났다. DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능 측정 결과 화순, 나주, 의령 미나리 추출물 모두 미나리 처리 그룹군 간에도 유의적 차이가 있었고(P<0.05), 화순미나리 추출물이 총 폴리페놀 함량 117 mg/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량 30 mg GAE/g으로 가장 높게 측정되었다. TBARS 측정 결과 미나리 추출물 $440{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 화순미나리 추출물이 50.7%의 억제력으로 가장 높았으며, 나주와 의령미나리 추출물보다 유의하게 높았다. 미나리 추출물의 플라보노이드 중 isorhamnetin을 분석한 결과 표준용액과 미나리 추출물의 머무름 시간이 14분대로 피크 유지시간이 일치하였으며, 동일한 spectrum을 나타내어 정확한 isorhamnetin의 분리를 확인하였다. 또한 LC/MS/MS를 통한 분석 결과 표준용액과 미나리 추출물에서 동일 시간대에 TIC를 확인하였고 precursor ion은 317 $[M-H]^+$ m/z, product ion은 302 $[M-H]^+$ m/z로 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과에 기초하여 미나리 추출물은 천연 항산화제와 기억력 개선제로써의 활용 가치를 시사한다고 사료된다. 또한 건강기능성 소재로서 식품산업 분야의 이용률 향상에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.428-433
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• 2012

본 연구팀의 선행 연구 결과, L. helveticus IDCC3801의 발효유 주정 침전물이 BACE의 활성 억제를 통한 amyloid beta($A{\beta}$) 생성 저해효과를 갖고 있음을 확인하였다(15). 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 L. helveticus IDCC3801의 발효유 주정 침전물의 산업화를 위한 공정 개선연구를 진행하였고, 대량생산을 통해 LHFM을 확보하였다. 본 연구는 LHFM의 인지기능 개선 기능성 입증 연구로써 $A{\beta}$ 저해효과 외에 신경세포 보호효과 및 기억력 개선 효능을 확인하고 어떠한 작용 기전으로 개선 효과가 나타나는지 조사한 것으로 scopolamine으로 기억 손상을 유발한 mouse에서 학습 능력과 기억력 개선 효과, 신경세포 보호 효과, AChE 저해와 ACh 증가 효과 등을 평가하였다. LHFM은 신경세포 사멸을 유도하는 고농도의 glutamate가 존재하는 환경에서 농도 의존적으로 신경세포의 사멸을 억제하여 신경세포를 보호하였다. 또한 LHFM은 in vitro에서 농도 의존적으로 강력하게 AChE의 활성을 저해하였다. 이러한 in vitro 결과들을 근거로 scopolamine으로 기억 손상을 유발한 mouse에서 Morris water maze와 Y-maze 행동 시험을 통해 LHFM의 학습능력과 기억 개선 효과를 조사하였다. LHFM은 Morris water maze에서 실험 2일째부터 escape latency시간을 유의적으로 감소 시켰으며 5일째에서는 정상 mouse와 동등한 수준으로 감소되어 우수한 학습 효과를 보였다. 실험 6일째 platform을 치운 후 시행한 probe trial에서도 platform이 있던 위치에 머무는 회수가 scopolamine을 단독으로 처리한 것보다 유의적으로 높아 장기기억의 개선에도 효과가 있었다. Y-maze 시험에서도 LHFM은 scopolamine 단독 처리군과 비교하여 뚜렷하게 변경 행동력을 증가시켜 여러 행동 시험을 통해 LHFM의 인지기능 개선 효과를 확인하였다. 행동실험 후 hippocampus를 적출하여 ACh 및 AChE의 활성을 측정한 결과, donepezil과 마찬가지로 LHFM은 AChE의 활성을 유의적으로 억제하였으며 또한 ACh 함량도 증가시켰다. 결론적으로 LHFM은 신경세포 보호 효과와 신경전달물질인 ACh의 뇌 조직 내 농도를 높여 인지기능 개선 효과를 보이는 것을 확인하였다.