• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.559-565
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• 2000

This studies were to investigate the effects of low power Helium-Neon Infra-Red (He-Ne IR) laser on the healing of the peripheral neuropathy in diabetic rats. The twenty one Spraque-Dewley adult male rats were assigned to the 3 groups: the control group (7), the diabetic group (7) and the laser group (7). The diabetic group was induced with a single intravenous injection of 50mg/kg body weight streptozotocin dissolved to 0.01mol/L citrate buffer, pH 4.5. The experimental laser group was irradiated low power He-Ne IR laser for 5 minutes every day during 21 days to the diabetic group. The results were as follows: For on and two weeks with laser treatment, there were significantly increased the terminal latencies of the laser treatment group than those of diabetic group, but that was significantly decreased to be similar to the control group on the laser treatment group for three weeks. The change of the amplitude on the laser treatment groups for three weeks was significantly increased to be similar to normal group than that of the diabetic group. As the result, we thank that there were activately effected of lower power He-Ne IR laser on the heeling of the peripheral neurophathy in diabetic rats.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제30권9A호
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• pp.838-849
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• 2005

Mobile IPv6 환경에서 빠른 핸드오버 프로토콜은 핸드오버 과정에서 발생하는 지연 시간을 줄임으로써 끊김 없는 핸드오버가 가능하도록 해준다 본 논문에서는 이러한 빠른 핸드오버의 이점을 멀티캐스트 서비스에 효율적으로 적용할 수 있는 FMIP-M 메커니즘을 제안한다. FMIP-M 메커니즘은 Mobile IPv6 환경에서 신뢰성 있는 멀티캐스트 서비스를 지원하는 빠른 핸드오버 메커니즘으로, 호스트의 이동 시 기존의 멀티캐스트 서비스에 빠른 핸드오버 프로토콜을 적용했을 때 발생하는 데이터 손실 문제를 이전 AR를 통해 보상 받게 되므로 신뢰성 있는 데이터 전송을 할 수 있게 한다. 또한 멀티캐스트 서비스 경로의 변화에 따라 멀티캐스트 서비스를 받는 방법 선택을 동적으로 수행하여 전송 경로를 최적에 가깝게 설정함으로써 좀더 효율적인 멀티캐스트 서비스가 가능하도록 한다. 다양한 환경에서의 성능 모델 분석 결과를 통해 제안된 방법이 패킷 전송 비용 측면에서 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2020

Background: This study aimed to compare the pain levels during anesthesia and the efficacy of the QuickSleeper intraosseous (IO) injection system and conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Methods: This prospective randomized clinical trial included 30 patients (16 women, 14 men) with bilateral symmetrical impacted mandibular third molars. Thirty subjects randomly received either the IO injection or conventional IANB at two successive appointments. A split-mouth design was used in which each patient underwent treatment of a tooth with one of the techniques and treatment of the homologous contralateral tooth with the other technique. The subjects received 1.8 mL of 2% articaine. Subjects' demographic data, pain levels during anesthesia induction, tooth extractions, and mouth opening on postoperative first, third, and seventh days were recorded. Pain assessment ratings were recorded using the 100-mm visual analog scale. The latency and duration of the anesthetic effect, complications, and operation duration were also analyzed in this study. The duration of anesthetic effect was considered using an electric pulp test and by probing the soft tissue with an explorer. Results: Thirty patients aged between 18 and 47 years (mean age, 25 years) were included in this study. The IO injection was significantly less painful with lesser soft tissue numbness and quicker onset of anesthesia and lingual mucosa anesthesia with single needle penetration than conventional IANB. Moreover, 19 out of 30 patients (63%) preferred transcortical anesthesia. Mouth opening on postoperative first day was significantly better with intraosseous injection than with conventional IANB (P = 0.013). Conclusion: The IO anesthetic system is a good alternative to IANB for extraction of the third molar with less pain during anesthesia induction and sufficient depth of anesthesia for the surgical procedure.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2006

Background: It has been known that melatonin is involved in the modulation of nociceptive transmission. However, the effect of melatonin administered spinally has not been examined. Therefore, we examined the effect of melatonin on the formalin-induced or thermal-induced nociception at the spinal level. Methods: Intrathecal catheter was inserted into the subarachnoid space of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pain was assessed by formalin test (induced by injection of $50{\mu}l$ of a 5% formalin solution to the hindpaw) or Hot-Box test (induced by radiant heat application to the hindpaw). The effect of intrathecal melatonin was examined on flinching behavior in the formalin test or withdrawal response in Hot-Box test. Results: Intrathecal melatonin produced a limited, but dose-dependent reduction of the flinching response during phase 1 and 2 in the formalin test. In addition, melatonin delivered at evening also decreased the flinching response in both phases of the formalin test. Melatonin restrictively increased the withdrawal latency in Hot-Box test. Conclusions: These results suggest that melatonin is active against the formalin- and thermal-induced nocicpetion at the spinal level, but the effect is limited.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate whether an intra-articular injection of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist, resiniferatoxin (RTX) would alleviate behavioral signs of arthritic pain in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). We also sought to determine the effect of RTX treatment on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the spinal cord. Knee joint inflammation was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA, $8mg/50{\mu}l$) and weight bearing percentage on right and left hindpaws during walking, paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation, and paw withdrawal latency to heat were measured to evaluate pain behavior. Intra-articular administration of RTX (0.03, 0.003 and 0.0003%) at 2 weeks after the induction of knee joint inflammation significantly improved reduction of weight bearing on the ipsilateral hindlimb and increased paw withdrawal sensitivity to mechanical and heat stimuli. The reduction of pain behavior persisted for 3~10 days according to each behavioral test. The MIA-induced increase in CGRP immunoreactivity in the spinal cord was decreased by RTX treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The present study demonstrated that a single intra-articular administration of RTX reduced pain behaviors for a relatively long time in an experimental model of OA and could normalize OA-associated changes in peptide expression in the spinal cord.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권11A호
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• pp.1101-1112
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• 2006

무선 환경에서의 이동 중 고속의 멀티미디어 서비스 제공에 대한 수요가 증가하면서 (Wireless Broadband internet) 시스템과 같은 MBWA (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access) 기술에 대한 관심이 점차 증가하고 있다. 이러한 WiBro 시스템은 기존의 셀룰라(Cellular) 시스템 기반의 이동 통신망과는 달리 기본적으로 IP 기반의 백본 네트워크로 구성될 것이며 ALL-lP로의 망 진화의 흐름에 따라서 궁극적으로는 IPv6 (IP version six) 기반의 백본 네트워크로 도입될 것이다. 이와 같은 무선 이동 환경에서는 WiBro 시스템의 물리 계층이나 매체 접근 제어 계층에서의 이동성 지원 방안뿐만 아니라 네트워크 계층에서의 이동성 지원 프로토콜 지원이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 IPv6 기반의 WiBro 시스템에서 단말의 서브넷 (Subnet) 간 핸드오버 성능을 향상시키기 위한 고속 핸드오버 방안을 제안하고 모의실험을 통해서 제안한 메카니즘 (Mechanism)이 서브넷 간 핸드오버 시 발생할 수 있는 데이터 유실 문제와 핸드오버 지연 발생 문제 등을 개선할 수 있다는 것을 보인다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제32권10B호
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• pp.630-637
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 현재의 Mobile IPv6 메커니즘을 개선한 방식으로서 이동단말의 정보 공유를 통한 주소 중복 검사 생략과 2 계층에서의 이벤트를 이용한 예상된 핸드오프 기법 그리고 패킷 지연을 줄이기 위해 터널링 기법을 이용하는 방법과 효과적인 자원예약을 위해 2 계층에서의 이벤트를 이용한 anticipated-reservation 메커니즘을 제안한다. 제안한 핸드오프 메커니즘은 기존의 방식에 비해 핸드오프 시 데이터 수신 지연을 줄이고 터널링 되는 시간을 단축함으로써 라우터 간의 데이터 트래픽 양을 줄인다. 또한 anticipated-reservation 메커니즘은 자원예약을 수행하기 위해 자원을 미리 예약한다. 제안한 이동통신망에서의 핸드오프 메커니즘은 시뮬레이션을 통해 성능을 검증하였고 anticipated-reservation 메커니즘은 새로운 에이전트의 도입과 메시지 흐름을 이용하여 타당성을 입증하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

Background: Spinal metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and opioid receptors are involved in the modulation of nociception. Although opioid receptors agonists are active for pain, the effects of the compounds for the mGluRs have not been definitely investigated at the spinal level. We examined the effects of the intrathecal mGluR compounds and morphine in the nociceptive test, and then we further clarified the role of the spinal mGluRs. In addition, the nature of the pharmacological interaction after the coadministration of mGluRs compounds with morphine was determined. Methods: Catheters were inserted into the intrathecal space of male SD rats. For the induction of pain, $50{\mu}l$ of 5% formalin solution or a thermal stimulus was applied to the hindpaw. An isobolographic analysis was used for the evaluation of the drug interaction. Results: Neither group I mGluR compounds nor group III mGluR compounds produced any antinociceptive effect in the formalin test. The group II mGluR agonist (APDC) had little effect on the formalin-induced nociception. The group II mGluR antagonist (LY 341495) caused a dose-dependent suppression of the phase 2 flinching response on the formalin test, but it did not reduce the phase 1 response of the formalin test nor did it increase the withdrawal latency of the thermal stimulus. Isobolographic analysis revealed a synergistic interaction after the intrathecal delivery of a LY 341495-morphine mixture. Conclusions: These results suggest that group II mGluRs are involved in the facilitated processing at the spinal level, and the combination of LY 341495 with morphine may be useful to manage the facilitated pain state.

• Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.570-576
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• 2018

Background/Aims Swallows with viscous or solid boluses in different body positions alter esophageal manometry patterns. Limitations of previous studies include lack of standardized viscous substrates and the need for chewing prior to swallowing solid boluses. We hypothesize that high-resolution impedance manometry (HRiM) using standardized viscous and super-viscous swallows in supine and upright positions improves sensitivity for detecting esophageal motility abnormalities when compared with traditional saline swallows. To establish normative values for these novel substrates, we recruited healthy volunteers and performed HRiM. Methods Standardized viscous and super-viscous substrates were prepared using "Thick-It" food thickener and a rotational viscometer. All swallows were administered in 5-mL increments in both supine and upright positions. HRiM metrics and impedance (bolus transit) were calculated. We used a paired two-tailed t test to compare all metrics by position and substrate. Results The 5-g, 7-g, and 10-g substrates measured 5000, 36 200, and 64 $700mPa{\cdot}sec$, respectively. In 18 volunteers, we observed that the integrated relaxation pressure was lower when upright than when supine for all substrates (P < 0.01). The 10-g substrate significantly increased integrated relaxation pressure when compared to saline in the supine position (P < 0.01). Substrates and positions also affected distal contractile integral, distal latency, and impedance values. Conclusions We examined HRiM values using novel standardized viscous and super-viscous substrates in healthy subjects for both supine and upright positions. We found that viscosity and position affected HRiM Chicago metrics and have potential to increase the sensitivity of esophageal manometry.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.213-225
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• 2022

컨테이너 기술은 클라우드 환경에서 마이크로서비스의 효율적인 구축 및 운영을 가능하게 했지만, 심각한 보안 위협도 함께 가져왔다. 다수의 컨테이너가 서비스 구성을 위해 네트워크로 연결되기 때문에 공격자는 탈취한 컨테이너에서 네트워크 공격을 수행해 인접한 다른 컨테이너를 공격할 수 있다. 이러한 위협을 막기 위해 다양한 컨테이너 네트워크 보안 솔루션이 제안되었으나 성능적인 측면에서 많은 한계점을 갖고 있다. 특히 이들은 컨테이너 네트워크 보안에 필수적인 패킷 페이로드 검사 과정에서 매우 큰 네트워크 성능 저하를 일으킨다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 클라우드 환경을 위한 eBPF/XDP 기반 고속 패킷 페이로드 검사 시스템인 BPFast를 제안한다. BPFast는 별도의 유저 수준 컴포넌트 없이 커널 영역에서 컨테이너가 전송한 패킷의 헤더와 페이로드를 검사하여 컨테이너를 네트워크 공격에서부터 보호한다. 본 논문에서는 Kubernetes 환경에서 진행한 실험을 통해 BPFast 프로토타입이 Cilium, Istio 등 최신 솔루션보다 최대 7배 더 빠르게 동작할 수 있음을 증명했다.