• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2008

Purpose: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of proteins that are activated when cells are exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, such as infection, inflammation, exposure to toxins, starvation, hypoxia, brain injury, or water deprivation. The activation of HSPs by environmental stress plays a key role in signal transduction, including cytoprotection, molecular chaperone, anti-apoptotic effect, and anti-aging effects. However, the precise mechanism for the action of small HSPs, such as HSP27 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs: extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38MAPK, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), is not completely understood, particularly in application of cell stimulators including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), angiotensin II (AngII), tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ (TNF$\alpha$), and $H_2O_2$. This study examined the relationship between stimulators-induced enzymatic activity of HSP27 and MAPKs from rat smooth and skeletal muscles. Methods: 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionizationtime-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) analysis were used to identify HSP27 from the intact vascular smooth and skeletal muscles. Three isoforms of HSP27 were detected on silver-stained gels of the whole protein extracts from the rat aortic smooth and skeletal muscle strips. Results: The expression of PDGF, AngII, TNF$\alpha$, and $H_2O_2$-induced activation of HSP27, p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK was higher in the smooth muscle cells than the control. SB203580 (30${\mu}$M), a p38MAPK inhibitor, increased the level of HSP27 phosphorylation induced by stimulators in smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, the age-related and starvation-induced activation of HSP27 was higher in skeletal muscle cells (L6 myoblast cell lines) and muscle strips than the control. Conclusion: These results suggest, in part, that the activity of HSP27 and MAPKs affect stressors, such as PDGF, AngII, TNF$\alpha$, $H_2O_2$, and starvation in rat smooth and skeletal muscles. However, more systemic research will be needed into physical therapy, including thermotherapy, electrotherapy, radiotherapy and others.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.250-250
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• 2012

Recently, multiferroic materials have attracted much attention due to their fascinating fundamental physical properties and potential technological applications in magnetic/ferroelectric data storage systems, quantum electromagnets, spintronics, and sensor devices. Among single-phase multiferroic materials, $BiFeO_3$, in particular, has received considerable attention because of its very interesting magnetoelectric properties for application to spintronics. Enhanced ferromagnetism was found by Fe-site ion substitution with magnetic ions. In this study, $BiFe_{1-x}Ni_xO_3$ (x=0 and 0.05) bulk ceramic compounds were prepared by solid-state reaction and rapid sintering. High-purity $Bi_2O_3$, $Fe_3O_4$ and NiO powders were mixed with the stoichiometric proportions, and calcined at $450^{\circ}C$ for 24 h to produce $BiFe_{1-x}Ni_xO_3$. Then, the samples were directly put into the oven, which was heated up to $800^{\circ}C$ and sintered in air for 20 min. The crystalline structure of samples was investigated at room temperature by using a Rigaku Miniflex powder diffractometer. The Raman measurements were carried out with a Raman spectrometer with 514.5-nm-excitation Ar+-laser source under air ambient condition on a focused area of $1-{\mu}m$ diameter. The field-dependent magnetization and the temperature-dependent magnetization measurements were performed with a vibrating-sample magnetometer. The x-ray diffraction study demonstrates the compressive stress due to Ni substitution at the Fe site. $BiFe_{0.95}Ni_{0.05}O_3$ exhibits the rhombohedral perovskite structure R3c, similar to $BiFeO_3$. The lattice constant of $BiFe_{0.95}Ni_{0.05}O_3$ is smaller than of $BiFeO_3$ because of the smaller ionic radius of Ni3+ than that of Fe3+. The field-dependent magnetization of $BiFe_{0.95}Ni_{0.05}O_3$ exhibits a clear hysteresis loop at 300 K. The magnetic properties of $BiFe_{0.95}Ni_{0.05}O_3$ were improved at room temperature because of the existence of structurally compressive stress.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.174-182
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• 2014

To monitor the wind-induced responses of buildings, conventional real-time kinematic (RTK) methods based on two global positioning system (GPS) receivers (e.g., a reference and a rover) are widely applied. However, these methods can encounter problems such as difficulty in securing and maintaining a space for a reference station. With the recently developed virtual reference station (VRS)-RTK approach, the position of a structure can be measured using only a rover receiver. In this study, to evaluate the applicability of VRS-RTK methods in monitoring the lateral structural responses of frame structures, we performed free vibration tests on a one-story frame model (the first natural frequency of 1 Hz) and a three-story frame model (the first natural frequency of 0.85 Hz). To assess the reliability of the displacement and acceleration responses measured by the GPS, we performed a concurrent measurement using laser displacement sensors and an accelerometer. The accelerometer results were consistent with the GPS measurements in terms of the time history and frequency content. Furthermore, to derive an appropriate sampling rate for the continuous monitoring of buildings, the errors in the displacement responses were evaluated at different GPS sampling rates (5, 10, 20 Hz). The results indicate that as the sampling rate increased, the errors in the displacement responses decreased. In addition, in the three-story model, all modal components (first, second, and third modes) could be recorded at a sampling rate of 20 Hz.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-38
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• 1991

Optical laser discs are expected with it's roles as a new media to manage vast materials. Optical disc, optical videodisc, CD-ROM began to emerge from laboratories in the early seventies. By the passage of time, each of optical disc became to take particular significances to libraries. Also, each of optical discs were developed and disseminated with different objectives each other in information market. Recently, the storage capacity of CD-ROM disc began to lead to extensive consumer in on-line database market, and became an economic reality, because it's storage capacity is considerable over 600MB on a 12cm disc and it's system could be built in rather with cheap equipment. In my article, the optical disc retrieval system in libraries was investigated among various features in each kinds of libraries historically. And many efforts were attempted to present the possibilities which can apply on optical disc system. I relized that CD-ROM could be utilized at cataloging service and bibliographic database than other technical service. At the same time, I recognized that optical disc system could be used to retrieve all kinds of graphic information and digital data with retrieval system development. Therefore the tendancy of information management in future will be foreward to the way which apply optical discs on base of on-line and include all of graphic and digital database by using the developed retrieval software.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.140-146
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• 2017

It is laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) that enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of the elements contained in unknown specimen by comparing the wavelength characteristics of each element obtained from the spectral analysis of the standard specimen with the wavelength analysis results from unknown specimens. In this study, the applicability of LIBS to the analysis of major deterioration factors affecting concrete durability was experimentally analyzed. That is, the possibility of applying LIBS to the diagnosis of concrete deterioration by studying the quantitative detection of harmful deteriorating factors on chloride, sulfate and carbonated mortar specimens using LIBS was studied. As a result of LIBS test for each chloride and sulfate specimen, the LIBS spectral wavelength intensity of chlorine and sulfur ions increased linearly with increasing concentration. Carbon ion LIBS spectral wave intensities of carbonated specimens increased nonlinearly over the duration of carbonation exposure. From the above results, it can be partially confirmed that LIBS can be applied to the diagnosis of concrete deterioration. In case of concrete carbonation, it is presumed that carbon content is contained in the cement itself and is different from the detection of chloride and sulfate specimen. Therefore, it is considered that more various parameter studies should be performed to apply LIBS to concrete carbonation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2014

At present, Cadastral map of 2 dimensional is in the stream of changing it to 3 dimensional type supported by GPS and laser techniques. In addition, this steam can be explained at the same time with improvement of equipment of storing much information, support of equipment for imaginative 3D spatial information, and support of equipment of expressing land in 3D Cadastral. This study suggest to apply airborne lidar survey technique on cadastral map to acquire comparably and quickly detailed height of ground. For doing this, this study checked out credibility regarding accuracy of airborne lider survey. After choosing research area, this study has done the airborne lidar survey and acquire the result after surveying Cadastral Comparison Point to check out the accuracy of acquired results. In addition, this study check out the result of Cadastral Comparison Point and airborne lidar survey applied by paired sample t-test based on actual results. The result is that test statistics is 0.322 which is 5 % similar level and null hypothesis cannot be rejected, so this study found out that result of both survey ways are the same. Therefore, the result of airborne lidar survey can be utilized to build up 3D Cadastral information hereafter.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2014

The river plan executes the role for prevention of disaster and protection of environment, and requires the surveying results with high accuracies for managing river, dam, reservoir which will be the major infrastructures. The purpose of this study is for comparing and analyzing the results of river surveying which is used widely for disaster management and construction industry support. The results are gathered by using LiDAR which is being used in Korea recently and by using Total station. Study area is chosen at upper area of Bukhan River which is located at Gangwon-do. Total 2 cross-sections of the two methods are extracted from the study area. The standard deviation of land part is about 0.017m which shows little difference between two methods, but the Airborne LiDAR results cannot survey the heights of the points accurately at the singular points with vertical structure and water body part. To overcome the problems through this study, there should be ways to survey the bottom river through transmission of water level within the same margin scope as land part and to survey detailed facilities used by laser exactly through continuous research and experiment. When implementation stage comes, this study expect that this document will be utilized variously for making decision in the area of planning and drawing of business and engineering not just for river regarding the major area or the area that people cannot access.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.33-43
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• 2014

As the number of people who live indoor space has been increased, the interest in 3D indoor spatial information has been grown. Object-Oriented 3D indoor space modeling including indoor spatial information has performed in level of detail 4, and modeling data is able to be constructed based on various raw data which are as-built drawing, laser scanning, BIM data, and camera. 3D indoor space modeling has been worked based on established indoor space modeling process, and the result can be used for various application fields such as indoor space pedestrian navigation, facility management, disaster management, and so on. However, the modeling process has limitations to perform indoor space modeling efficiently, because the process is complicated and wastes time at modeling work. In this paper, we propose evaluation on practical use of raw data for 3D indoor space modeling purpose on supporting efficient indoor space modeling through analyzing the established process. Therefore, we define the requirements to evaluate the practical use of raw data and propose the verification method. In addition, as-built drawing which has been used in Seoul 3D indoor space modeling project will be applied to proposed method as a raw data.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.382-391
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• 2019

This study was aimed to assess the new trial for minimal cavity preparation in composite restoration combined with resin infiltration, focusing at application sequence. 32 human primary molars with early carious lesions around small cavity were selected and randomly divided into two groups, according to the sequence of cavity preparation (P), composite filling (F) and resin infiltration (I) as IPF and PFI group. Each group was assessed about amount of tooth reduction, features of resin infiltration, and marginal leakage around restoration. Amount of tooth reduction evaluated using micro-CT was decreased compared with the original lesion size in both groups. Features of resin infiltration were verified under confocal laser scanning microscopy. In both groups, infiltrant resin was found on all around the composite and maintained in spite of extent of decalcification even after artificial caries induction. Marginal micro leakage assessed with silver nitrate immersion and micro-CT was found more frequently in PFI group. The technique combining resin infiltration and composite restoration might ensure better adhesion prognosis as applied by the sequence of resin infiltration, cavity preparation, and composite filling. This new trial was thought meaningful in minimizing the cavity size and contributing to minimal invasive dentistry.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.440-447
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• 2012

The branched copolyester was synthesized and its molecular weight, $T_g$, 1/2 method temperature ($T_{1/2}$) and rheological properties were characterized for the application of toner binder. The linear copolyester had low molecular weight and melt elasticity obtained by dimethylterephthalate (DMT), ethylene glycol (EG) and 2,2-bis(4-(2-hydroxypropoxy) phenyl)propane (HPP). The branched copolyesters prepared with various branching agents such as 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (trimethylol propane, TMP), 2,2-bi(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (pentaerythritol, PER), 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride (trimellitic anhydride, TMA) and glycerol to improve the physical properties of the linear copolyester. The effect of branching agents on the molecular weight and melt elasticity of the branched copolyester was examined. The branched copolyesters prepared by adding over 15 mol% of branching agent showed relatively high molecular weight and melt elasticity, and $T_{1/2}$ value of $140^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the highly branched copolyesters were deemed suitable as a hot-melt toner of laser print process.