• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.12A no.6 s.96
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• pp.539-546
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• 2005

Recently, as the number of Internet users are growing explosively, e-learning has been applied spread, as well as remote evaluation of intellectual capacity However, only the multiple choice and/or the objective tests have been applied to the e-learning, because of difficulty of natural language processing. For the intelligent marking of short-essay typed answer papers with rapidness and fairness, this work utilize heterogenous linguistic knowledges. Firstly, we construct the semantic kernel from un tagged corpus. Then the answer papers of students and instructors are transformed into the vector form. Finally, we evaluate the similarity between the papers by using the semantic kernel and decide whether the answer paper is correct or not, based on the similarity values. For the construction of the semantic kernel, we used latent semantic analysis based on the vector space model. Further we try to reduce the problem of information shortage, by integrating Korean Word Net. For the construction of the semantic kernel we collected 38,727 newspaper articles and extracted 75,175 indexed terms. In the experiment, about 0.894 correlation coefficient value, between the marking results from this system and the human instructors, was acquired.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2019

Current research explores the effect of language on the perception of facial emotion as suggested by the psychological construction theory of emotion by using a psychophysical method. In this study, we hypothesize that the perception of facial expression may be influenced if the observer is shown an affective word before he/she judges an expression. Moreover, we suggest that his/her understanding of a facial emotion will be in line with the conceptual context that the word denotes. During the two experiments conducted for this project, a control stimulus or words representing either angry or happy emotions were briefly presented to participants before they were shown a target face. These target faces were randomly selected from seven faces that were gradually morphed to show neutral to angry (in Experiment 1) and neutral to happy (in Experiment 2) expressions. The participants were asked to perform a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task to judge the emotion of the target face (i.e., decide whether it is angry or neutral, or happy or neutral). The results of Experiment 1 (when compared with the control condition) showed that words denoting anger decreased the point of subjective equality (PSE) for judging the emotion of the target as anger, whereas words denoting happiness increased the PSE. Experiment 2, in which participants had to judge expressions on a scale from happy to neutral, produced a contrasting pattern of results. The outcomes of this study support the claim of the psychological construction theory of emotion that the perception of facial emotion is an active construction process that may be influenced by information (such as affective words) that provide conceptual context.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency and contents of horticultural activities in 696 individual activities listed in 11 teacher's guidebooks of Nuri Curriculum for 5-year-olds, and to find out the perceptions of horticultural activities in the formal curriculum. The target horticultural activities that were selected were those using natural objects like potted plants, water, wind, soil, stones, etc. as the topic or subject of activities, and those with different topics but are mentioning plants or natural objects as an example at least twice. The 150 selected horticultural activities were classified by life-based theme, activity type, activity domain, and medium. As a result of examining horticultural activities by life-based theme, there were 150 horticultural activities (21.55%): 40 in Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter (5.75%), 34 in Animals, Plants, and Nature (4.89%), 22 in Environment and Life (3.16%), 19 in Our Country (2.73%), and nine in Our Neighborhood (1.29%), nine in Various Countries of the World (1.29%), four in Health and Safety (0.57%), four in Living tools (0.57%), four in Transportation (0.57%), three in Kindergarten and Friends (0.43%), two in Me and My Family (0.29%; χ²=130.427, p < .001). As a result of examining horticultural activities by activity type, there were 61 free choice activities (40.67%), 80 large and small group activities (53.33%), and nine outdoor play activities (6.00%), indicating that outdoor play was the fewest activity type (χ²=54.040, p < .001). The results of analyzing horticultural activities by activity domain showed that there were 25 in conversation (16.67%), 19 in science (12.50%), 14 in art (9.33%), 14 in cooking (9.33%), 10 in fairy tales (6.00%), nine in music (6.00%), eight in language (5.33%), eight in number operation (5.33%), eight in others (5.33%), six in children's plays (4.0%), six in games (4.0%), four in body and movement (2.67%), three in stacking (2.00%), three in roles (2.00%), three in rhythm (2.00%), two in children's poems (1.33%), two in field experience (1.33%) and one in outside play (0.67%; χ²=87.600, p < .001). As a result of examining the mediums used in the horticultural activities, 46 activities (30.67%) directly used plants as the mediums, 11 activities (7.33%) used soil such as stones, gravel, and earth as the mediums instead of plants, four activities (2.67%) used dry plants such as branches and dry leaves as the mediums, and 89 activities (59.33%) used videos, photos of plants, and pictures of plants as the mediums (χ²=121.307, p < .001).

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.47-61
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• 2023

Satisfaction on the residential environment is a major factor influencing the choice of residence and migration, and is directly related to the quality of life in the city. As online services of real estate increases, people's evaluation on the residential environment can be easily checked and it is possible to analyze their satisfaction and its determining factors based on their evaluation. This means that a larger amount of evaluation can be used more efficiently than previously used methods such as surveys. This study analyzed the residential environment reviews of about 30,000 apartment residents collected from 'Zigbang', an online real estate service in Seoul. The apartment review of Zigbang consists of an evaluation grade on a 5-point scale and the evaluation content directly described by the dweller. At first, this study labeled apartment reviews as positive and negative based on the scores of recommended reviews that include comprehensive evaluation about apartment. Next, to classify them automatically, developed a model by using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT), a deep learning-based natural language processing model. After that, by using SHapley Additive exPlanation(SHAP), extract word tokens that play an important role in the classification of reviews, to derive determining factors of the evaluation of the residential environment. Furthermore, by analyzing related keywords using Word2Vec, priority considerations for improving satisfaction on the residential environment were suggested. This study is meaningful that suggested a model that automatically classifies satisfaction on the residential environment into positive and negative by using apartment review big data and deep learning, which are qualitative evaluation data of residents, so that it's determining factors were derived. The result of analysis can be used as elementary data for improving the satisfaction on the residential environment, and can be used in the future evaluation of the residential environment near the apartment complex, and the design and evaluation of new complexes and infrastructure.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.27-48
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• 2012

Temperature and weather are all around us, quite literally. Furthermore, temperature and weather not only permeate our atmosphere, constantly affecting our visceral states of warmth and coldness, but they metaphorically permeate our language. People, products, and ideas can all be "hot" or "cold." Given this ubiquity, it is perhaps surprising that relatively little research has systematically examined the influence of temperature on choice and judgment. Temperature-related words such as "hot" and "cold" are often used to describe impulsive and calculated behaviors, respectively. These metaphoric connotations of thermal concepts raise the question as to whether temperature, psychological states and decision making are related to each other, and if so, how. The current research examines these questions and finds support for a relationship. Across one field study and one laboratory experiment, I demonstrate that both hot ambient room temperature (Spa) and hot temperature primes (words) trigger decision outcomes in line with the metaphoric association between hot temperature and impulsivity. In the field study, participants were recruited in hot (40-50 degrees Celsius) and cold (10 degrees Celsius) rooms at a spa. Participants were simply asked to indicate their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for three product categories (travel package, birthday dinner, and cell phone). The results showed that participants in the hot room in comparison to those in the cold room were willing to pay more for the same products. Next, I tested if our results would go beyond ambient temperature and would hold if I were to prime temperature concepts by using a different priming method (i.e., subliminal vs. supraliminal). In line with the previous findings in the spa, participants in the hot priming condition were more likely to choose the wrong answer for the bat and baseball question than those in the cold priming condition. In addition, product type (e.g., pleasure vs. necessity) can moderate the effect of hot temperature on impulsivity. Mood and arousal did not mediate participants' responses. My findings seem to suggest that the effects of temperature on decision outcomes can be attributed to metaphoric associations rather than incidental mood or arousal. The current research applies a novel perspective in understanding the relationship between temperature and judgment and decision making. Also, the results have practical implications for packaging, advertising, merchandising, and pricing of goods and services, as well as for public policy and awareness. One of the most natural implications of my findings would be that retailers would be better off carrying more impulse purchase items on hot days. Furthermore, point-of-purchase promotions encouraging impulse purchase is more likely to be effective in retail environments with higher temperature than with lower temperature. In addition, advertisements and product packages evoking hot temperature associations (e.g., beach, sunshine, summer) might lead consumers to pay higher price for the advertised product than those with cold temperature associations.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2024

Background: This study aimed to evaluate ChatGPT's performance accuracy in responding to questions from the national dental hygienist examination. Moreover, through an analysis of ChatGPT's incorrect responses, this research intended to pinpoint the predominant types of errors. Methods: To evaluate ChatGPT-3.5's performance according to the type of national examination questions, the researchers classified 200 questions of the 49th National Dental Hygienist Examination into recall, interpretation, and solving type questions. The researchers strategically modified the questions to counteract potential misunderstandings from implied meanings or technical terminology in Korea. To assess ChatGPT-3.5's problem-solving capabilities in applying previously acquired knowledge, the questions were first converted to subjective type. If ChatGPT-3.5 generated an incorrect response, an original multiple-choice framework was provided again. Two hundred questions were input into ChatGPT-3.5 and the generated responses were analyzed. After using ChatGPT, the accuracy of each response was evaluated by researchers according to the types of questions, and the types of incorrect responses were categorized (logical, information, and statistical errors). Finally, hallucination was evaluated when ChatGPT provided misleading information by answering something that was not true as if it were true. Results: ChatGPT's responses to the national examination were 45.5% accurate. Accuracy by question type was 60.3% for recall and 13.0% for problem-solving type questions. The accuracy rate for the subjective solving questions was 13.0%, while the accuracy for the objective questions increased to 43.5%. The most common types of incorrect responses were logical errors 65.1% of all. Of the total 102 incorrectly answered questions, 100 were categorized as hallucinations. Conclusion: ChatGPT-3.5 was found to be limited in its ability to provide evidence-based correct responses to the Korean national dental hygiene examination. Therefore, dental hygienists in the education or clinical fields should be careful to use artificial intelligence-generated materials with a critical view.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.36
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• pp.75-102
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• 2018

Manjungpan Chunhyangga is established by Manjung Kim Sohee. She selectively chose and arranged the songs by Jung Jungryeol, Song Mangap, Jung Eungmin, Kim Yeonsoo, Park Dongsil, and Jung Kwangsil. Kim Sohee once stated that while a major section of Chunhyangga is based on the songs by Jung Jungryeol, Song Mangap, Jung Eungmin, and Kim Yeonsoo, the whole part of Okjungga is derived from Park Dongsil. However, there is not much material that will provide enough information with regard to what musical characteristics Park Dongsilje Chunhyangga possessed. Under the circumstances, the voice of Park Dongsilje, left by Kim Sohee, triggers curiosity on Park Dongsilje Chunhyangga. It can also be construed that there must be a good reason for choosing Park Dongsilje for Okjungga, unlike other parts. Therefore, this paper attempted to find out what the unique features of Par Dongsilje are and what the reasons behind Kim Sohee's musical choice were through comparison and analysis of Kim Sohee's musical features in Okjungga. The following are the results. Firstly, Okjungga is a created verse by its nature and it does not possess specific features to a school. Therefore, the reason for choosing Park Dongsilje could have been based on musical reason rather than verse. Secondly, the lyrics of Park Dongsilje Okjungga is closer to that of Song Mangap rather than that of Jung Jungryeolje. It can be argued that it falls between the two of them. Thirdly, the tone and melody of Park Dongsilje Okjungga falls in the middle section of Dongpyenje and Supyenje. Fourthly, the analysis of Jinyangjo rhythm out of the whole Manjungpan Chunhyangga shows that there are slight differences among Song Mangapje, Jung Jungryeolje, and Jung Eungminje. Park Dongsilje is very unique in the sense that it does not use utbutim in gyemyeonjo part in Manjungpan Chunhyangga. Park Dongsilje Okjungga is a song to which the tone, melody, and sigimsae of Supyeonje is added to lyric butimsae of Dongpyeonje. It can be seemed as simple and less sophisticated because, with its simple lyric butimsae, it shows a less complicated tone utilization rather than Jung Jungryeol. With lighter decoration of music, feelings can be conveyed more directly. That is probably why Kim Sohee commented on Park Dongsilje Chunhyangga that it is the most mournful song for Chunhyang and it is the song that moves anyone who listens to the song. Consequently, Kim Sohee accepted Park Dongsilje Okjungga and she created different feelings to Manjungpan Chunhyangga which has repeatedly displayed the color of Jung Jungryeol. Combining the lyric addition of Dongpyeon style and the melody of Supyeon style can crated a different language.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.27-57
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• 2008

Many consumers enjoy the challenge of purchasing a brand that matches well with their own values and personalities (for example, Ko et al., 2008; Ko et al., 2006). Therefore, the personalities of consumers can impact on the final selection of a brand and its brand personality in two ways: first, the consumers may incline to purchase a brand or a product that reflects their own personalities; second, consumers tend to choose a company that has similar brand personalities to those brands that are being promoted. Therefore, the objectives of this study are following: 1. Is there any empirical relationship between a consumer's personality and the personality of a brand that he or she chooses? 2. Can a corporate brand be differentiated by the brand personality? In short, consumers are more likely to hold favorable attitudes towards those brands that match their own personality and will most probably purchase those brands matching well with their personality. For example, Matzler et al. (2006) found that extraversion and openness were positively related to hedonic product value; and that the personality traits directly (openness) and indirectly (extraversion, via hedonic value) influenced brand effects, which in turn droved attitudinal and purchase loyalty. Based on the above discussion, the following hypotheses are proposed: Hypothesis 1: the personality of a consumer is related to the brand personality of a product/corporate that he/she purchases. Kuksov (2007) and Wernerfelt (1990) argued that brands as a symbolic language allowed consumers to communicate their types to each other and postulated that consumers had a certain value of communicating their types to each other. Therefore, how brand meanings are established, and how a firm communicate with consumers about the meanings of the brand are interesting topics for research (for example, Escalas and Bettman, 2005; McCracken, 1989; Moon, 2007). Hence, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 2: A corporate brand identity is differentiated by the brand personality. And there are significant differences among companies. A questionnaire was developed for collecting empirical measures of the Big-Five personality traits and brand personality variables. A survey was conducted to the online access panel members through the Internet during December 2007 in Korea. In total, 500 respondents completed the questionnaire, and considered as useable. Personality constructs were measured using the Five-factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) scale and a total of 30 items were actually utilized. Brand personality was measured using the five-dimension scale developed by Aaker (1997). A total of 17 items were actually utilized. The seven-point Likert-type scale was the format of responses, for example, from 1 indicating strongly disagreed to 7 for strongly agreed. The Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) was used for an empirical testing of the model, and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) was applied to estimate numerical values for the components in the model. To diagnose the presence of distribution problems in the data and to gauge their effects on the parameter estimates, bootstapping method was used. The results of the hypothesis-1 test empirically show that there exit certain causality relationship between a consumer's personality and the brand personality of the consumer's choice. Thus, the consumer's personality has an impact on consumer's final selection of a brand that has a brand personality matches well with their own personalities. In other words, the consumers are inclined to purchase a brand that reflects their own personalities and tend to choose a company that has similar brand personalities to those of the brand being promoted. The results of this study further suggest that certain dimensions of the brand personality cause consumers to have preference to certain (corporate) brands. For example, the conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion of the consumer personality have positively related to a selection of "ruggedness" characteristics of the brand personality. Consumers who possess that personality dimension seek for matching with certain brand personality dimensions. Results of the hypothesis-2 test show that the average "ruggedness" attributes of the brand personality differ significantly among Korean automobile manufacturers. However, the result of ANOVA also indicates that there are no significant differences in the mean values among manufacturers for the "sophistication," "excitement," "competence" and "sincerity" attributes of the corporate brand personality. The tight link between what a firm is and its corporate brand means that there is far less room for marketing communications than there is with products and brands. Consequently, successful corporate brand strategies must position the organization within the boundaries of what is acceptable, while at the same time differentiating the organization from its competitors.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2006

Background: The "health-related quality of life" (HRQL) for patients with chronic respiratory disease has been emphasized, because chronic respiratory disease (CRD) is chronic and progressive, and it finally causes disability. HRQL instruments may be useful for monitoring patients' progress or for determining the most appropriate choice of treatment. We describe the adapting St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), which is a self-administered questionnaire developed by Jones et al. (1991), into the Korean version for covering three domains of health for the patients suffering with airways disease. Method: We obtained the original SGRQ from the author after gaining permission. For adaptation, we created an expert panel and translated the original questionnaire into Korean language. The translated questionnaire was then back-translated by bilingual experts and we compared it with the original questionnaire. After correction and feasibility testing, 74 patients with chronic respiratory disease (COPD, asthma, destroyed lung) completed the Korean version of the SGRQ. The clinical status of each patients was evaluated concurrently with measurement of their health status. Result: The Korean version of the SGRQ was acceptable and easy to understand. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was 0.92 for the overall scale and 0.63 for the "Symptoms", subscale, 0.87 for the "Activity", subscale, and 0.89 for the "Impacts" subscales. The correlation coefficients between the overall score and the Borg scale score, oxygen saturation, and forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$) were 0.52, -0.32 and -0.26, respectively. These results support that the Korean SGRQ was correlated with other measurements. Conclusion: The Korean SGRQ was reliable and valid for patients with chronic respiratory disease, such as COPD, asthma, and destroyed lung. The SGRQ score was well correlated with other respiratory measurements as well. Although further studies should complete the adaptation work, our results suggest that the SGRQ may be used in Korea and also for international studies involving Korean CRD patients.