• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.338-352
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• 2023

As of 2019, Korea's fine dust is the most severe among 38 OECD countries, and in the same year, 「the Framework on Disaster and Safety Management」 was revised to define fine dust as a social disaster. Currently, the government is working to achieve its emission reduction goals by preparing a comprehensive fine dust management plan (2022-2023) consisting of a total of five areas, 42 tasks, and 177 detailed tasks. However, it is necessary to come up with measures in consideration of the various spatial characteristics of the city, not just as a source of emission. Therefore, in this study, the shape of the city was classified using the LCZ (Local Climate Zone) classification system into 17 types by building type and land cover type in Busan, and the average annual PM10 and PM2.5 concentration were mapped using the IDW technique. In addition, Fragstats and Moving Window were used to quantify the LCZ classification system. Finally, correlation analysis and regression analysis were conducted to analyze the relationship between the LCZ classification system and PM10 and PM2.5. As a result, it was confirmed that the type of low height of the building and the type of green space with trees had a positive effect on the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5. Therefore, this study is expected to be used as basic data to establish fine dust reduction policies based on efficient spatial planning.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.775-784
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• 2006

In this study, CN value was estimated by using detailed soil map and land cover characteristic against upper basin of Kumho watermark located on the upper basin of Kumho river and the hydrologic morphological characteristic factors were extracted from the basin by using the DEM document. Also the runoff analysis was conducted by the WMS model in order to study how the assumed CN value affects the runoff characteristic. First of all, as a result of studying the soil type in this study area, mostly D type soil was Identified by the application of the 1987 classification criteria. However, by that in 1995, B type soil and C type soil were distributed more widely in that area. When CN value was classified by the 1995 classification criteria, it was estimated lower than in 1987, as a result of comparing the estimated CNs by those standars. Also it was assumed that CN value was underestimated when the plan for Geum-ho river maintenance was drawn up. As a result of the analysis of runoff characteristic, the pattern of generation of the classification criteria of soil groups appeared to be similar, but in the case of the application of the classification criteria in 1995, the peak rate of runoff was found to be smaller on the whole than in the case of the application of the classification criteria in 1987. Also when the statistical data such as the prediction errors, the mean squared errors, the coefficient of determination and other data emerging from the analysis, was looked over in total, it seemed appropriate to apply the 1995 classification criteria when hydrological soil classification group was applied. As the result of this study, however, the difference of the result of the statistical dat was somewhat small. In future study, it is necessary to follow up evidence about soil application On many more watersheds and in heavy rain.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.245-255
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• 2009

CN values are changed by various surface condition, which is cover type or treatment, hydrologic condition, or percent impervious area, even the same combination of land use and hydrologic soil group. In this study, CN parameters were regionalized for Nakdong River Basin by Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) coupled with SCE-UA, which is one of the global optimization technique. Six watersheds were selected for calibration (optimization) and periodic validation and two watersheds for spatical validation as ungauged watershed within Nakdong River Basin. Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) values were 0.66~0.86 for calibration, 0.68~0.91 for validation, and 0.60 and 0.85 for ungauged watersheds, respectively. Urban area for the selected watersheds covered high impervious area with 85% for residential area and 92% for commercial/industrial/transportation area. Hydrologic characteristics for crop area was similar to row crop with contoured treatment and poor hydrologic condition. For the forested area, hydrologic characteristics could be clearly distinguished from the leaf types of plant. Deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forest showed low, moderate, and high runoff rates by representing wood with fair and poor hydrologic condition, and wood-grass combination with fair hydrologic condition, respectively. CN parameters from this study could be strongly recommended to be used to simulate runoff for ungauged watershed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.657-670
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• 2015

Visibility and Automatic Weather System(AWS) data near Nakdong river were analyzed to characterize fog formation during 2012-2013. The temperature was lower than its nearby city - Daegu, whereas the humidity was higher than the city. 157 fog events were observed in total during the 2 year period. About 65% of the events occurred in fall (September, October, and November) followed by winter, summer, and spring. 94 early morning fog events of longer than 30 minutes occurred when south westerly wind speed was lower than 2 m/s. During these events, the water temperature was highest followed by soil surface and air temperatures due to the advection of cold and humid air from nearby hill. The observed fog events were categorized using a fog-type classification algorithm, which used surface cooling, wind speed threshold, rate of change of air temperature and dew point temperature. As a result, frontal fog observed 6 times, radiation 4, advection 13, and evaporation 66. The evaporation fog in the study area lasted longer than other reports. It is due to the interactions of cold air drainage flow and warm surface in addition to the evaporation from the water surface. In particular, more than 60% of the evaporation fog events were accompanied with cold air flows over the wet and warm surface. Therefore, it is needed for the identification of the inland fog mechanism to evaluate the impacts of nearby topography and land cover as well as water body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.91-102
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• 2008

This study was conducted to obtain the basic information about Siberia Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus), and to establish a conservation area for the replacement of Siberia Musk Deer into Mt. Odea National Park, South Korea. We analyzed the main habitat for Siberia Musk Deer restoration in Mt. Odae National Park, Korea. We recorded Siberia Musk Deers' field signs (i.e., bedding sites, feeding areas, feces and tracks), and habitat variables such as nearest distance to the watercourse, trails, slope, aspect, forest type and land cover etc. from Dec. 2004 to Aug. 2007 in Mt. Jiri, Mt. Seorak, and Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Rocky areas, ridges, mixed coniferous forest (Red pine and Mongolian oak), southern and southeastern slope, elevation of above 800m, and distance from watercourse shorter than 300m etc. were dominant habitat types of Siberia Musk Deer. Based on the significant habitat types, a proper conservation plan should be prepared for the restoration of habitats in order to reintroduce, and to increase the population of Siberia Musk Deer in Mt. Odea National Park, South Korea. Small population size, and limited ecological data are the major constraints for the establishment of conservation areas. Furthermore, other anthropogenic factors including human activities, poaching, and residential area around the park caused the difficulties to qualify as a conservation area. For the successful establishment of conservation area in the future, it is recommended to conduct a comprehensive ecological research, and to survey human disturbances including their impacts on the habitats of Siberia Musk Deer in the Mt. Odea National Park.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2016

As a transition region between ocean and land, coastal wetlands are significant ecosystems that maintain water quality, provide natural habitat for a variety of species, and slow down erosion. The energy of coastal waves and storm surges are reduced by vegetation cover, which also helps to maintain wetlands through increased sediment deposition. Wave attenuation by vegetation is a highly dynamic process and its quantification is important for understanding shore protection and modeling coastal hydrodynamics. In this study, laboratory experiments were used to quantify wave attenuation as a function of vegetation type as well as wave conditions. Wave attenuation characteristics were investigated under regular waves for rigid model vegetation. Laboratory hydraulic test and numerical analysis were conducted to investigate regular wave attenuation through emergent vegetation with wave steepness ak and relative water depth kh. The normalized wave attenuation was analyzed to the decay equation of Dalrymple et al.(1984) to determine the vegetation transmission coefficients, damping factor and drag coefficients. It was found that drag coefficient was better correlated to Keulegan-Carpenter number than Reynolds number and that the damping increased as wave steepness increased.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.277-290
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• 2013

This study was carried out to propose the new procedure to apply Habitat Evaluation Procedure(HEP) of target species using delphi technique, which is suitable to develop endangered species with few researches and ecological knowledges. To identify habitat quality of specific species in development project site, we can develop habitat model and create habitat suitability maps. In this study, we select the Common Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus) as target species in four areas(Paju, Siheung, Ansan, Hwaseong) which is located near the Seoul metropolitan area. The Delphi technique was selected to get the reliable information on the species and habitats requirements. Through the delphi approach, seven habitat components were determined as suitable variables for the Common Kestrel: density($n/km^2$) of small mammals, area($km^2$) of bare-grounds, pasturelands and riparian, and open area(%), spatial distribution and area of croplands, landscape diversity, breeding sites(tall trees, cliffs, high-rise buildings), and the length of shelf. Habitat variables used in this model were classified into two categories: % of suitable land-cover type(open areas, croplands, pasturelands, wetlands, and baregrounds) and the quality of feeding sites(within 250m from edges of woodlands). Habitat quality of the Common Kestrel was assessed against occurred sites derived from the nationwide survey. Predicted habitat suitability map were closely related to the observed sites of the endangered avian species in the study areas. With the habitat suitability map of the Common Kestrel, we assess the environmental impacts with habitat loss after development project in environmental impact assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.91-109
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• 2014

This study was conducted to obtain the basic research about Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and to establish a conservation area into Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park, South Korea. We recorded Siberian roe deer field signs (bedding sites, feeding areas, feces and tracks etc), and habitat variables such as nearest distance to the watercourse, trails, slope, aspect, forest type and land cover etc. from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2007 in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. According to the research of habitat characteristics of Siberian roe deer inhabited in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park preferred mixed forest consisted of aged forest and middle-aged forest on the gentle slope which was close to hydrosphere in the middle elevation area of altitude of 400~600m above sea level in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. The results indicated that Siberian roe deer appeared to prefer south slope or north slope during the snow season and west or east slope during the non-snow season. The area of most suitable habitat for Siberian roe deer in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park was $128.5km^2$ (32% of the total area) followed by $244.3km^2$ buffer area (62.2% of the total area), and $22.9km^2$ unsuitable habitat area (5.8% of the total area), which means environmentally unsuitable habitat for Siberian roe deer was rare in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. Thus, the area classified as major area in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park appeared to be most important for the protection of Siberian roe deer.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 2023

A main purpose of this research was to analyze environmental factors to influence helicopter accidents contrary to the fact that the almost 80% of helicopter accidents happened due to pilots' human errors. There have been about 14 helicopter accidents in civil aviation sector last decade. It is noteworthy that nine of 14 accidents happened during the external sling load operation. Moreover, there is no law or regulation which could cover the helicopter external sling load operation or human external cargo in Korea. In this paper, it was analyzed the training and education regulations regarding helicopter external sling load operation or human external cargo in regulations of FAA and EASA, Based on analyzing and comparing the FAR part 133 and domestic aviation law (aviation safety act and flight safety regulations), it was found out the implication how to apply helicopter type rating for external sling load operation and human external cargo operation. To sum up, this paper expect central government should cooperate and amend aviation law which apply external sling load operation and external cargo to establish sound safety culture in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.176-186
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• 2023

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is caused by an energy imbalance in urban areas, where building design and land cover contribute to its amplification. To mitigate UHI, increasing green space is one of the well known and the most effective approach. This study aims aimed to identify specific components of green spaces that lower temperatures and demonstrate the cooling effects based on their size and composition. Forests within green spaces have had a greater impact on temperature reduction due to shading and blocking solar radiation. Although lakes also contributed to temperature reduction, the effect to cooling intensity was not significant. The cooling distance does not depended on green space size or composition. The study emphasizes that initial temperature has a strongerinfluence on cooling intensity than green space size, highlighting the importance of vegetation type within green spaces to achieve a cooling effect. These findings provide valuable insights for urban planning and the design of green spaces to mitigate the effects of the urban heat island.