• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.105-118
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to improve the classification system of sub-divided land cover map among the land cover maps provided by the Ministry of Environment. To accomplish the purpose, first, the overseas country land cover map classification items were examined in priority. Second, the area ratio of each item established by applying the previous sub-divided classification system was analyzed. Third, the survey on the improvement of classification system targeting the users (experts and general public) who actually used the sub-divided land cover map was carried out. Fourth, a new classification system which improved the previous system by reclassifying 41 classification items into 33 items was finally established. Fifth, the established land cover classification items were applied on study area, and the land cover classification result according to the improvement method was compared with the previous classification system. Ilsan area in Goyang city where there are diverse geographic features with various land surface characteristics such as the urbanization area and agricultural land were distributed evenly were selected as the study area. The basic images used in this study were 0.25 m aerial ortho-photographs captured by the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII), and digital topographic map, detailed stock map plan, land registration map and administrative area map were used as the relevant reference data. As a result of applying the improved classification system into the study area, the area of culture-sports, leisure facilities was $1.84km^2$ which was approximately more than twice larger in comparison to the previous classification system. Other areas such as transportation and communication system and educational administration facilities were not classified. The result of this study has meaningful significance that it reflects the efficiency for the establishment and renewal of sub-divided land cover map in the future and actual users' needs.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.16-27
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• 2015

The parcels of land alteration by existing manual work was very inefficient in terms of time and costs. Especially it caused many difficulty in estimating compensation since the work didn't take into account the range of adjoining zone to road. This study selected Gimje City of Jeollabuk-Do as a study site and could analyze the numbers and areas of parcels of land alteration considering the range of adjoining zone to road based on cadastral maps and wide road layers from new address system. Also this study applied a fuzzy membership function according to occupation ratio to road, and analyzed compensation by the range of adjoining zone to road using individual public land price information of the parcels for land alternation. Especially, the change aspect of public and private parcels could be investigated by the range of adjoining zone to road according to the fuzzy membership function. And this study could provide very efficient data in determining the priority of the parcels for land alternation through calculating compensation of the parcels for land alternation by Eup Myeong Dong according to the range of adjoining zone to road.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for the active use of closed schools by analyzing the actual conditions of closed schools in Gyeongnam area. As a method of this study, we examined the population change in Gyeongnam area through the literature survey and the internet site survey, and grasped the characteristics of the policies related to the closed school. Through the homepage survey of the local education financial alerts, we analyzed the contents, location, period after the closure, land area, and total floor area of the closed schools that have been in use or invaluable as of March 2017. As the results, In the case of self-utilization, the utilization rate of educational facilities was overwhelmingly high. In the case of lease utilization, the utilization ratio was higher in the order of education facilities, income increase facilities, and cultural facilities. Overall, 62.8% of the closed schools are located in the base towns (urban areas). The average of the period after the closure was 16.2 years, the land area average was $9,291.1m^2$, and the total area average was $1,153.8m^2$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 1991

This study was experimented to obtain the basic information on the changeable aspect and improvement of soil fertility in newly-reclaimed sloped land. Silage corn was cultivated under the six different treatments for 4 years. The relation between the amount or ratio of annual changes of soil physico-chemical properties and yield of silage corn were analyzed. Soil bulk density was decreased in 3rd year at topsoil, but that decreased in 4th year at subsoil. Soil organic matter also decreased in 2nd year at topsoil, and decreased continuously at subsoil. Bulk density and hardness of soil depths showed significant negative simple correlation with dry matter yield and cation exchange capacity showed positive. Correlation coefficient of chemical properties with dry matter yield were low. The range of annual changes of moisture percent, hardness and organic matter were wider than the other properties. The significantly different of physical properties were higher than the chemical properties, and those of topsoil were higher than subsoil. According to multiple regression between yield and physico-chemical properties of subsoil, bulk density and cation exchange capacity were in the greatest contribution at the variations, but bulk density was greatest at the ratios.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.67-82
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• 2019

This study aims to examine the impacts of built environmental features on the nocturnal and diurnal temperatures during the heat wave season in Gwangju, Korea. Built environmental measures are summarized at micro-scale level, such as 50 meters and 100 meters from temperature monitoring spots. Regressing the built environment on nocturnal and diurnal temperatures, we estimate how the artificial constructs contribute to temperature either day and night times. We found that impervious surface ratio is positively and negatively associated with nocturnal and diurnal temperatures, respectively. Buildings and structures tend to construct high thermal mass and absorb heat during day time and emit it for the night time. This property contributes to the nocturnal temperature model. On the other hand, urban areas with more vertical structure tend to block sun radiation more than rural, and it is more likely to find the negative relationship between impervious surface ratio and the diurnal temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.240-250
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• 1998

This study is to have attempted to analyze the characteristics of the change in forest landscape pattern of Seoul for 18 years by grasping it through satellite image data on the forest area in Seoul where a rapid change according urbanization and industrialization is going on. On the basis of Landsat MSS data- satellite image data, this writer analyzed the change in the number and size of patch and the mean edge length of each forest land, and the index of patch shape by each year from a landscape -ecological point of view. The results are as follows; First, in the pattern change of the forest patch of Seoul, the highest patch fragmentation area is the forest of the Yangchon-gu district where is decreasing it forest area by 654ha, 511ha, 495ha, 402ha each year from its total size of 742ha in 1979. Second, the change tendency shows that the average forest size decreased at 552.58ha in 1983, 435.03ha in 1988, 396.23ha in 1992, and 379.96ha in 1996. And analysis showed that even in the number of patches, the forest fragmentation phenomenon was presenting by the increase of development disturbance. Third, the mean edge by year was longest at 23,385m in 1979, but it is decreasing continuously. This shows the regular and artificial uniformity of forest landscape by disturbance-effect increase of the built-up development and shows low portion against edge effect by the time-series change like 1979>1983>198>1992>1996. Finally, in the analysis of a shape index indicated by ratio of size and edge, total averages were 2.56, 2.33, 2.17, 2.14, 2.14 each year, so that it is considered that the disturbance and ecological health status against forest landscape can be grasped according to being examined as 1979>1983>1988>1992, 1996 by the time-series change of the landscape.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2017

Recently, agricultural lands have decreased sharply, which was caused by huge housing site, urbanization, land consolidation, and road construction etc. In particular, Yangju city near Seoul city has the most severe land use change in Korea. Therefore, we analyzed changes of land use, soil properties, and soil information in order to provide the basic soil information and soil management practices in this city. The area of crop cultivated land in Korea (2015) reduced by 12,090 ha compared to ones from the previous year (2014). The paddy field decreased by 25,421 ha but, upland field increased by 13,331 ha. One of the reasons for the reduction of the paddy field was converting paddy field to upland (20,916 ha) > others (3,056) > building (2,571) > public facilities (847) > idle land (217). But, reasons for increase of upland field were switching paddy to upland (20,916 ha) > land developed (634). The main reason of converting paddy field to upland was changing from rice to more profitable speciality crops or pulses. The cropland area (paddy fields, upland, orchard) of Yangju city reduced by 1,412 ha (2015/2014). The ratio of cropland area in each city reduced by 22.9% dramatically compared 2015 to 1999. The paddy fields located in alluvial plains in Yangju city were changed into upland or green house. The drainage classes of soil have been deteriorated because the flows of water were intercepted by road construction and other disturbance to water flows. In particular, paddy fields have been changed to not only upland, orchard, greenhouse cultivation but also to fallow and soil dressing on paddy in Yangju city. To analyze result of soil survey of Yangju city, 858 soil codes (soil phases) were used and the area was 105.17ha. The number of soil series increased from 60 to 65, and that of soil phase increased from 105 to 124. The largest increased area was Noegog soil series. 125.7ha of Neogog soil series was incorporated from the existing Sachon, Yecheon and Eungog soil series. The soil suitability class of paddy field in Ogjung huge housing site of Yangju city was the 4th grade for 32.6% of the area. The soil suitability classes of upland were 2nd and 3rd grade for 72.4% of the area. Farm land with high quality should be conserved by related law.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.199-213
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• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.131-147
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• 2019

On the urban scale, Micro-climate analysis models for urban scale have been developed to investigate the atmospheric characteristics in urban surface in detail and to predict the micro-climate change due to the changes in urban structure. BioCAS (Biometeorological Climate Impact Assessment System) is a system that combines such analysis models and has been implemented internally in the Korea Meteorological Administration. One of role in this system is the analysis of the health impact by heat waves in urban area. In this study, the vegetation cooling models A and B were developed and linked with BioCAS and evaluated by the temperature drop at the vegetation areas during ten selected heat-wave days. Smaller prediction errors were found as a result of applying the vegetation cooling models to the heat-wave days. In addition, it was found that the effects of the vegetation cooling models produced different results according to the distribution of vegetation area in land cover near each observation site - the improvement of the model performance on temperature analysis was different according to land use at each location. The model A was better fitted where the surrounding vegetation ratio was 50% or more, whereas the model B was better where the vegetation ratio was less than 50% (higher building and impervious areas). Through this study, it should be possible to select an appropriate vegetation cooling model according to its fraction coverage so that the temperature analysis around built-up areas would be improved.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-29
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• 2017

It is known that large-scale deforestation has occurred in North Korea due to economic failures since the 1990s, and this is expected to greatly change the characteristics of the hydrological cycle. In this study, hydrological cycle simulation was carried out for the period of about 30 years from 1981 to 2013 for the entire Korean peninsula using the VIC model, a land surface hydrology model. The simulation results are summarized as follow. First, the runoff ratio is 55%~70% in South Korea and 38~56% in North Korea. In particular, it is worth noting that despite the small runoff ratio, the variation is about 28% larger than the South Korea's 15%. The rate of evapotranspiration was larger than that of South Korea. That is, the rate of evapotranspiration in South Korea is 20~35% and in North Korea it is 25~46%. However, the rate of change was 21% in the case of North Korea and slightly larger than 15% in South Korea. Third, South Korea has an average of 34% in soil moisture and 27% in North Korea. However, unlike the simulated results of the runoff ratio and the evapotranspiration rate, the difference in the variation of soil moisture in South Korea and North Korea over the entire period was similar with 8%. As a result, we can confirm that the difference of hydrological cycle characteristics between South Korea and North Korea has been increased since the 1990s, when the forest destruction of North Korea became serious. In the case of South Korea, there is little difference in the hydrological cycle characteristics. In North Korea, however, there is a distinct difference, which is also a result reflecting the difference in the effects of forest destruction.