• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.644-646
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• 2009

A 5-year-old intact male black gibbon (Hylobates concolor) was referred for evaluation of the right pelvic limb lameness following a fight against other black gibbons. Fractures of the right tibia and fibula were suspected on physical examination and palpation of the right pelvic limb, but no other injuries or abnormalities were detected. While the black gibbon was sedated, pelvic limb radiographs were taken, which revealed diaphyseal oblique fractures of the right tibia and fibula. Open reduction of the fractures was performed. The tibial fracture was repaired by use of an internal fixation technique that included a tubular dynamic compression plate and cortical screws secured along the craniomedial aspect of the tibia. There were no complications during the postoperative rehabilitation period. At 9 weeks, radiographs revealed that bridging callus was well formed over the cortices of the tibial and fibular fracture area. The cast was removed 9 weeks after surgery. The black gibbon exhibited no evidence of lameness and was released back into the group. Presently, there are no published reports of internal fracture fixation in a black gibbon where a tubular dynamic compression plate and cortical screws provided excellent stabilization of the tibia and complete fracture healing allowing normal ambulation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2006

This study was carried out to assess the usefulness of thermography for diagnosis and healing process of musculoskeletal disorder in horses. Horses with experimentally induced infectious arthritis were treated with bee venom or antibiotics for 5 weeks from 24 hours after inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus, the effectiveness of the 2 therapeutic drugs treatment was similar to each other. Thermographic evaluation was similar to any other tests, because the thermal pattern tend to return to normal with declining similar to those of clinical signs, laboratory experiments and healing of the lesion. This ability to assess inflammatory change noninvasively make thermography an ideal imaging tool to aid in the diagnosis of certain lameness condition or musculoskeletal disease in horses. These results suggested that thermographic evaluation in horses with musculoskeletal disorders were useful for diagnosis and helpful for monitoring of healing process.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.198-201
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• 2012

A one-month-old, male Hanwoo calf was presented to Chonbuk Animal Medical Center with non-weight bearing lameness on its right hindlimb. The radiograph and CT scan showed a Salter-Harris III fracture at the distal tibia. Following open reduction, the fracture was stabilized by cross-pins. A temporal external skeletal fixator was used as an additional support for 5 weeks. 5 weeks after surgery, bone fracture had successfully healed with no complication. At 2 years after surgery, the calf could walk almost normally although intermittent weight-bearing lameness after active exercise. This is a rare case that the combined use of temporal external fixation and cross-pins fixation was sufficiently effective for treating a distal tibial physeal fracture in a calf.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.328-331
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• 2011

Two dogs presented to the Dueckso Animal Hospital with a history of intermittent lameness of the left forelimb. On physical examination, a visible antebrachial deformity that resulted in gross external rotation of approximately $90^{\circ}$ was observed in two dogs. Medial-lateral radiographic views revealed distal ulnar subluxation, cranial bowing of the radius, radial and ulnar shortening, and external rotation of the paw. A distal ulnar ostectomy and distal radial closing wedge osteotomy were performed in two dogs. A proximal ulnar osteotomy was performed, adjacent to the elbow joint in case 1. Then, the osteotomized site was supported with an intramedullary pin. A T-plate and cortical screws were applied to the proximal and distal radial segments after derotating the distal segment internally. Postoperative radiographic view verified the correction of the angular deformity in two dogs. The follow-up was completed by physical examination 6 and 10 months after surgery respectively. There was no evidence of lameness of the left forelimb in two dogs. Gross observation of the limb revealed an apparent appropriate correction of the rotational and angular deformity in two dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.295-299
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• 2016

A 2-year-old, 1.94 kg spayed female Toy Poodle was referred for revision surgery for patellar reluxation following surgery for bilateral medial patellar luxation (MPL). Intermittent non-weight-bearing lameness of the right hindlimb and weight-bearing lameness of the left hindlimb were evident on general inspection. A physical examination revealed that there was a bilateral grade 4 MPL. On radiographs, the medial and lateral trochlear ridge was bilaterally worn out. Patellar groove replacement (PGR) was performed in two stages to replace the bilateral femoral trochlea that had a severely worn out groove. Corrective femoral osteotomy with increasing anteversion angle, tibial tuberosity transposition, medial releasing, lateral imbrications and PGR were performed on the right hindlimb. Six months after surgery on the right hindlimb, a PGR prosthesis was positioned medially on the frontal plane and tibial tuberosity transposition and lateral imbrications were performed on the left hindlimb. Two weeks after surgery, reluxation of the patella occurred on the left hindlimb. The tibial tuberosity transposition was performed to realign the patella more laterally than the previous surgery, and a patellar sling was applied. Two years after the last surgery, the patient showed no pain on the stifle joint and satisfactory weight-bearing ambulation. Reluxation did not recur. PGR maybe a successful treatment for dogs with iatrogenically damaged and/or worn out patellar grooves.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2017

Twelve dogs weighing less than 10 kg underwent unilateral TTO to stabilize the stifle joint with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Surgical findings, intra-operative and post-operative complications were recorded. Radiographic examinations were performed for 8 weeks following surgery. Postoperative outcome was evaluated using a visual analogue lameness scoring system. Mean preoperative PTA (the angle created by the intersection of the tibial plateau extrapolation line and the patellar tendon) was 103.8 degrees. Mean tibial wedge angle was 16.6 degrees. Mean postoperative PTA was 92.1 degrees. Intraoperatively, fracture through the caudal tibial cortex occurred in all dogs, through the distal tibial crest cortex in 2 dogs, through the lateral tibial cortex in 2 dogs and through the fibula in 1 dog. Four-week postoperative radiographs demonstrated evidence of progressive bone union at osteotomy site and complete unions were identified at 8 week in 10 dogs. All dogs were healed in 11 weeks. Most of dogs revealed weak lameness in 4 weeks and normal ambulation in 8 weeks postoperatively except for only one dog returned in 11 weeks. Despite frequent minor complication, it appears that the TTO is an alternative procedure for management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small breed dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.80.1-80.13
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• 2021

Background: Hyperbaric gaseous cryotherapy (HGC) is a type of cryotherapy used in human medicine for rehabilitation after orthopedic surgeries. Because HGC is known to reduce acute or chronic pain, research is needed to prove its effectiveness in veterinary medicine. Objectives: To compare the effects of HGC between the HGC treatment group and the nontreatment (NT) group on postoperative swelling, range of motion, lameness score, postoperative pain, and kinetic measurements after stifle joint surgery in dogs. Methods: Dogs were randomized in an HGC group or NT groups. In the HGC group, HGC was applied once a day for a total of 2 days after surgery. All parameters were measured postoperatively and at 1, 2, 10, and 28 days after surgery. Results: Twenty dogs were enrolled: 10 in the HGC group and 10 in the NT group. Soft tissue swelling was not significantly different between groups at any time point. In the HGC group, pain scores decreased significantly 24 h after surgery and 48 h after surgery. Dogs in the HGC group showed a significantly decreased lameness and improvement for all kinetic measurements beginning 48 h after surgery. In addition, the HGC group indicated a significant increase in range of motion as compared with the NT group at 28 days after surgery. Conclusions: HGC plays a powerful role in decreasing initial postoperative pain. Furthermore, the improvement in pain affects the use of the operated limb, and the continued use of the limb eventually assists in the quick recovery of normal function.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.57.1-57.11
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• 2020

Background: Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) acts as an etiological agent for lameness, neurological signs, and high mortality in pigs. Despite its importance in pig industries and zoonotic potential, little is known about the effects of this pathogen. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of SDSE strains isolated from diseased pigs. Methods: A total 11 SDSE isolates were obtained from diseased pigs. Bacterial identification, PCR for virulence genes, emm typing, and antimicrobial resistance genes, multilocus sequence typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed. Results: Nine isolates were from piglets, and 8 showed lameness, sudden death, or neurological signs. The isolates were PCR-positive for sla (100%), sagA (100%), and scpA (45.5%), and only 1 isolate amplified the emm gene (stL2764). Eight different sequence types were detected, categorized into 2 clonal complexes and 4 singletons. All the isolates in this study were included in a small cluster, which also contained other strains derived from humans and horses. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the tested beta-lactams were low, while those for macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones were relatively high. PCR analysis of the macrolide and tetracycline resistance genes demonstrated that the isolates carried erm(B) (18.2%, n = 2), mef(A/E) (9.1%, n = 1), tet(M) (18.2%, n = 2), and tet(O) (90.2%, n = 10). Two isolates presented a mutation in parC, which is associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Conclusion: This study provided insight into swine-derived SDSE, as it is related to veterinary medicine, and elucidated its zoonotic potential, in the context of molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in public health.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.21.1-21.14
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• 2020

Background: Physical exercise is known to cause significant joint changes. Thus, monitoring joint behavior of athletic horses is essential in early disorders recognition, allowing the proper management. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the morphological patterns, physical examination characteristics and ultrasound findings of show jumping horses in training and to establish a score-based examination model for physical and ultrasound follow-ups of metacarpophalangeal joint changes in these animals. Methods: A total of 52 metacarpophalangeal joints from 26 horses who were initially in the taming stage were evaluated, and the horses' athletic progression was monitored. The horses were evaluated by a physical examination and by B-mode and Doppler-mode ultrasound examinations, starting at time zero (T0), which occurred concomitantly with the beginning of training, and every 3 months thereafter for a follow-up period of 18 months. Results: The standardized examination model revealed an increase in the maximum joint flexion angles and higher scores on the physical and ultrasound examinations after scoring was performed by predefined assessment tools, especially between 3 and 6 months of evaluation, which was immediately after the horses started more intense training. The lameness score and the ultrasound examination score were slightly higher at the end of the study. Conclusions: The observed results were probably caused by the implementation of a training regimen and joint adaptation to physical conditioning. The joints most likely undergo a pre-osteoarthritic period due to work overload, which can manifest in a consistent or adaptive manner, as observed during this study. Thus, continuous monitoring of young athlete horses by physical and ultrasound examinations that can be scored is essential.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2000

Eighty dairy farms (38 farms responded) in Palmerston North area of New Zealand were questioned by mail questionnaire on: 1) general characteristics, 2) milk yield and feed supplementary, 3) reproductive efficiencies (12 questions) and 4) reproductive disorders (12 questions) from February to July, 1998. Among those 4 items, the reproductive efficiencies (3) and disorders (4), various diseases and culling rates were surveyed and analyzed for Korean dairy farmers (especially in Cheju island) and compared with New Zealand. The results are as follows: 1. Fifteen farms in 38 dairy farms relied entirely on artificial insemination, the rest of 23 dairy farms (60.5%) raised 5∼6 bulls to increase conception rate. The dairy farmers in Palmerston North used artificial insemination from Oct 4th to Dec 10th for 42.8 days, and then used bulls from that point to coming Jan 10th for 41.4 days. The submission rate within 3, 6 and 10 weeks following the initiation of AI season was 84.7, 93.9 and 97.9% respectively. 2. The average age of heifers at the first estrus, pregnancy and calving was 11.0, 18.0 and 24.7 months respectively, and an average 1.4 estrus cycles were required for conception. The intervals of estrus recurrence and the following conception after calving were 38 and 68 days respectively. 3. Among inseminated cows, calving, abortion and empty cow was 90.9, 1.6 and 7.4% respectively. Calving rate decreased according to increasing farm size, while the number of empty cows decreased. 4. Stillbirth, retained placenta and delivery abnormalities were 5.3, 3.7 and 5.5% respectively, not different depend on herd size. 5. The incidence of milk fever, grass tetany, and ketosis was 3.6, 3.0 and 1.0%, respectively. The delivery abnormality and mastitis treated with medicine were 3.1 and 6.7%, but decreased according to farm size. Lameness was 8.6% on average, but over 10% in farms which has more than 400 milking cows. 6. Among the culled cows (15.5% of the total), those culled due to an old age, lameness and other diseases were 2.9, 1.8 and 4.3% respectively and those culled due to low milk production, reproductive abnormality reduced with farm size. 7. Compared with the data collected in Korea, the reproductive efficiency was better, and lameness, metabolic problem and culling rate were higher in New Zealand