• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2001

Effects of cutting media on shooting and seedling characteristics were investigated to determine productivity of seedling by root cuttings of lacquer tree. Shoots developed at 3 weeks after cut planting on PV (peat moss : Vermiculite : 1 : 1), PVS (peat moss : Vermiculite : Sand : 1 : 1 : 2) and PVSC (peat moss : Vermiculite : Sand : Clay loam : 1 : 1 : 2 : 2) media, and shooting rate was the highest in PVSC medium at 10 weeks after cut planting among the treatments. Shooting numbers per scion on PH and PVC media were 2.2 but those on HSC medium was 1.3, which was not significantly different among media. PVSC medium was suitable to use the root cuttings of lacquer tree as it meets the qualifications requirements. Seedlings on PVSC medium were excellent to transplant in field as tree height, branch number, leaf number, stem diameter and leaf area were good.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2002

Effects of BA treatment and cut planting methods on shooting and seedling characteristics were investigated to increase seedling products by cuttings of lacquer tree. Dipping on 1,000mg/L BA solution was better than dripping with same solution at 5 weeks after cut planting. As shooting rate was increased suddenly, it was 85％ at 10 weeks after cut planting. Among 3 dripping treatments, interval was not effective on shooting rate. Dripping per 2 days with 100 ㎕ of 1,000 mg/L BA solution was most effective on seedling height and leaf number and than dipping was more effective than dripping per 5 and 7 days. Branch developed on near part from dripped scion. Shooting of horizontal planting was earlier about a week and rate was increased suddenly from 3 to 6 weeks, it was highest with 96％ than others at 10 weeks after planting. Seedling of horizontal cut planting was tallest about 40cm and branch developed lower than vertical and oblique cut planting. In case of horizontal cut planting, 2-3 shoots were formed on different part of scion and than those were could divided to seedling, so horizontal cut planting was most effective to propagation of seedling than any others.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2003

Effects of cutting time and scions section on shooting and plantlets growth characteristics were investigated to increase plantlets products by root cuttings in lacquer tree. Shoot induction from scion section was developed lately as it planted in earlier season. However, shooting rates were over 84% or more in cut planting on 15, 25 March and 5 April than sinee 15 April. Shoots were developed evenly as late cut planting. Generally, plant height, branch number, leaf number, stem diameter, and leaf area per plantlets was excellent in cut planting on 25 March and 5 April. Shooting rate from the root scion varied greatly by root sectionings. The rate of the 10 cm-long-scion was reached 84％, whereas only 54％ in no trimmed root scion after 10 weeks of cutting. Regenerated plantlets from root scion without cut were slightly good in shape, but their height, number of branch per plantlets, and stem diameter were not significant.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.22-44
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• 2022

Lacquer, in addition to high-end crafts such as lacquerware inlaid with mother-of-pearl, was an important strategic material used in a wide range of fields such as industry, architecture, and munitions during the Japanese colonial era. In particular, as the demand for lacquer used in munitions soared in the 1940s when the war started, a ticket system was introduced to restrict its distribution. Meanwhile, Japan experienced a chronic shortage of lacquer as a result of the rapidly increasing demand for it, and thus went on to import Chinese lacquer after the late 19th century. After the 1910s, the market share of Chinese lacquer reached 90%, and the local situation in China began to affect the supply and demand for lacquer in Japan. To counteract the issue, the Japanese government increased the production of lacquer in Joseon. As for the project to increase lacquer production in Joseon, objective indicators were prepared through a number of tests in the 1910s and 20s, which paved the way for the project to begin in earnest in the 1930s. Lacquer trees were planted and training classes on how to collect lacquer were held throughout the country. The Japanese government promoted the lacquer production industry as a promising side job for Koreans. The project, implemented in various parts of the country, reaped fruitful results, and it provided the basis for lacquer production in Korea that has continued to this day. At that time, the major regions in the southern part of the country where the project was concentrated were Wonju, Okcheon, and Hamyang, regions that are still known today as major production sites. The improved method of collecting lacquer taught to Koreans by the Japanese has now become the main method of collecting lacquer in Korea. This study attempts to identify the current status of the project to increase lacquer production through various records from the Japanese colonial era with a view to contributing to the study of modern lacquer craft history.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2001

Effects of growth regulators, scion length and scion diameter on shooting and seedling characteristics were investigated to increase seedling products by root cuttings of lacquer tree. Shoots developed and emerged above-ground from the root scion at 3∼5 weeks after cut plating, most of that was a shoot but some of that were 2∼3 shoots. Otherwise, non-shooting was the reason that cortical layer was decayed. Soaking in zeatin was the most effective on shooting of root cuttings and high concentration was effective. Also soaking on high contents of BA or kinetin was effective on shooting but was lower totally than soaking on zeatin. Seedling characteristics among 3 growth regulators and 3 concentrations were not any difference in statistical significant, but were move excellent than control. As root scion was tall, shoots were developed at early. 15cm length scion was the most excellent to use seedlings but 3cm length scion was wickedness. 10cm scion, however, was highest to product of seedlings than any others. 0.3∼0.5 cm length scion was showed 76% shooting rate at 10 weeks after cut planting, but seedling characteristics were not any difference among the kind of 3 diameters.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.48-65
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• 2018

The authors of this paper aim to make a record of the construction process, its symbolic meaning, and the changes in the status of the landscape plants at the Pasanseodang according to the Report on the Pasanseodang written by Park Gyu-hyun in 1874. First, the construction of Samgahun Pavilion, which is located in Myo-ri, Habin-myun, Dalsung-gun, Daegu, took about 90 years and spanned the lifetimes of Park Sungsoo, an 11th-generation descendant of Park Paengnyun (1417~1456) through to Park Kyuhyun, a 14th-generation descendant. It was called the shape of dragon, with its head facing the tail (回龍顧尾形), in feng shui. Second, the village of Pahwoe was founded in 1769, the 45th year of the reign of King Yeongjo, by Park Sungsoo for the purpose of socializing with his friends at his thatched home, and was named after his own courtesy name (Samgahun). Park Kwangseok, the second son of Park Sungsoo, built the sarangchae in 1826 and the anchae in 1869 after his marriage (in 1783). Then, Park Kyuhyun, the grandson of Park Kwangseok, built the pond and planted it with lotus flowers, and built the Hayeopjeong in 1874. The Pasanseodang, as the precursor of the Hayeopjeong, may be related with the name of the hillside region behind Samgahun. Third, a quadrangular-shaped pond with a length of 21m and a width of 15m was also built and planted with lotus flowers. In the center of the pond is a small round island that reflects the world view of the Chosun dynasty, i.e. that the sky is round and the landmass is quadrangular. Meanwhile, the name of the Hayeopjeon reflects the value system of aristocrats who lived a life of leisure and artistic indulgence. They called the eastern room "Yeeyeonhun" (怡燕軒) and the western room "Mongyangjae" (蒙養齋), names which embody their wishes for a good life as a member of the nobility and a bright future for one's descendants. Fourth, in Confucian terms, the authors infer the points of view reflected in the kinds of trees that were planted according to Confucian norms (pine tree, lotus, bamboo), the living philosophy of sustainability (willow), the ideology of seclusion and the search for peace of mind (bamboo), and relief efforts for the poor and a life of practicality (chestnut, oak, wild walnut, lacquer). The authors assert that this way of planting trees was a highly effective design feature of landscape architecture that drew on the locational and symbolic significance of the Seodang. Fifth, the majority of the trees that were initially planted withered and were replaced with different species, except for the locust and lotus, at this point. Nevertheless, a review of the process of construction, symbolic meaning, and original architectural landscape of the Samgahun is of value in demonstrating the extended symbolic meaning of their descendants in terms of the practical loss of the function of the Seodang, the values of Feng Sui (red in the east, white in the west, based on the principles of Feng Sui), the function of repelling evils spirits (kalopanax, trifoliate orange), aesthetic and practical values (sweetbrier, apricot, pear, peach, and oriental oak trees), and the prosperity of the family and the timeless value of honest poverty (silk, crape myrtle, and yew trees).