• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-94
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• 2001

Based on the human capital theory, the wage differentials among laborers are generated from the discrepancy of human capital stock which depends on individual laborer's decision. Hence, the wage differentials among laborers or between male and female are not the results of discrimination, but the results of individual choice. But, if the individual choice for human capital stock would be affected by the male-female discrimination, the explanation for male-female wage differentials base on the human capital stock has a bias. Actually, women have experienced in the discrimination on labor market participation due to gravity, parturition, infant rearing. Also, it is a fact that women have been discriminated against men in labor market owing to social, traditional, and cultural discriminations. If woman or her parent will less invest on human capital than man owing to the existence of discrimination in labor market, the 'expected human capital stock' instead of human capital stock will explain male-female wage differentials better. Therefore, in this study, we set up three models; first model includes working hours, industry, occupation, etc which are in general used as explanatory variables for wage decision, second model includes the variables which reflect the traditional human capital stock together with the first model's explanatory variables, third model employes the 'expected human capital stock' instead of traditional human capital stock. From the empirical test, the estimates of discrimination in three models are .93, .60, and, .48 respectively. This result implies that the male-female wage differentials in Korea can be explained by the discrepancy of 'expected human capital stock'. Since the discrepancy in expected human capital stock depend on the disparity in life-cycle labor force participation, male-female wage differentials can largely be attributed to male-female disparity in expected lifetime labor force participation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.78-82
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to review the labor force partitpation rate and work environment characteristics of female workers to provide basic information for establishment and implementation of effective policies related to accident prevention and workers health protection for female workers. It was analyzed employment status, work environment and injuries and illnesses based on economic activity census results, compensation of industrial injury and the second working condition survey. According to economic activity census results, female labor force participation rate has been steadily increased, whereas male labor force participation rate has been decreased since 1970. Industrial accident rate has been declined in male workers but that in female workers has been steadily increased even though male workers were higher accident rate than female workers. It was evaluated that female workers are vulnerable to industrial injuries and illnesses in the aspect of their working environment and employment status. Also, Substantial differences between female and male workers in occupational exposure patterns, occupational disease and occupational environments were observed. Therefore it was recommended that special care programs for female workers such as a specialized monitoring and management program should be introduced in the near future.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.15
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• pp.1-35
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• 1992

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.89-117
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• 2014

Employing female in the field of science and engineering is becoming increasingly important with diversity and creativity emerging as key factors to build Creative Economy. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to recognize and discourage gender discrimination in the labor market by analyzing wages - the market value of labor which determines one's economic status. This study uses the Oaxaca-Ransom decomposition (1994) to analyze the gender wage gap and identify factors influencing the pay gap in science and engineering labor force. The results of this study are as follows: First, the average wage of female scientists and engineers reaches only 65% of that of male labor force, and the male scientist and engineers are superior in terms of personal attributes, for instance, education background. Second, looking at the factors that influence wages, wage premiums are associated with higher education background, older age, longer period of service, and weekly working hours for both male and female in managerial positions. Third, the wage decomposition shows that in the case of science and engineering labor force, the productivity difference by personal attributes reaches about 58%, and gender discrimination by the characteristics of the labor market stands at about 41%. This means the wage gap by productivity level in science and engineering labor force is wider, and the gender gap is smaller compared to non-science and engineering fields. However, the results of an analysis on specialties and education background of male and female scientists and engineers suggest that the discrimination against women is more serious when the percentage of the female labor force is low and the percentage of temporary workers in the labor market is high. In order to eliminate this discrimination, it is necessary to reduce the imbalance of female scientists and engineers in the labor market, among others, while female scientists and engineers, themselves, need to make continuous efforts to strengthen their capabilities.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2008

China's agriculture is changing now, especially in terms of cash farming. Orange farming is one of the main cash crops. This study is to identify the labor utilization of orange farming of farm households in China. The Results are as follows. First, farm size increasing is an essential measure to save labor. Big farm requires less than 20% of labor inputs than that of average size farm. Second, in the aspect of the employment labor, while male labor accounted for the 5% of total labor, female employment labor took up much more, which amounts to almost half of family labor. Third, the average wage of men is almost twice as much as that of women's wage, and it is sharply increasing. Fourth, Chinese farm households put more labor input than Korean farm households in orange production, which is due to the substitution of capital for labor.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.135-151
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper analyzes the effect of factors affecting the depression of immigrant labor by the exploratory multivariate model empirically. Design/Methodology/Approach - We review results of precedent studies theoretically and implement empirical study by using the questionnaire data of Myanmar male immigrant labor. Findings - As the result of empirical study, the factor affecting the depression of immigrant labor significantly at p<0.5 level are 'interpersonal trouble in company', 'unjust wage' and 'bottleneck to life'. Also 'unjust treatment' and 'anxiety(of health)' are affecting factors significantly at p<0.1. Research Implications - Managerial implications are as follow. Firstly, employers have to reduce 'interpersonal trouble in company', 'unjust wage' and 'unjust treatment'. Secondly, gonernment have to support to reduce 'bottleneck to life' and 'anxiety(of health)'. Academic implications are as follow. Firstly, factors that are studied exploratively have to be tested by systematic empirical study. Secondly, which of short-term, lagged or cumulative is the nature of the affecting effect and the reciprocal relationship between depression and factors affecting the depression has to be studied empirically.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.1-30
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• 2018

The 1995 tax reform in Korea has brought adjustment to the tax bracket, marginal tax rate, and tax deduction system which resulted in significant decrease in the income tax progressivity. In this paper we study the causal effect of the tax reform on male labor supply using difference-in-differences method. Using the data from Economic Active Population Survey (EAPS) and Daewoo Panel Data, we find about 1.5% increase in the hours worked of male wage workers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.199-208
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• 2018

In this study, the impact of the emotional labor on the job satisfaction according to the service characteristics and the patient type was investigated in the 269 dental hygienist. The average score of the emotional labor according to the general characteristics was 2.85 and it was higher in case of the male and in case of the drinkers. The average score of the job satisfaction according to the general characteristics was 3.02 and the female was higher than the male, the older professionals than the younger professionals and the married was higher than the singles. In the emotional labor according to the service characteristics, the dental hygienist was highest than the other professionals and in the job satisfaction according to the service characteristics, it was higher the higher the career and the higher the income. In the emotional labor by patient type, it was highest when the patient was male, when ages were between 20 and 64, and when it was after 7 PM. The job satisfaction by patient type was higher when the patient age was 65 years old or older, when the type of treatment was dental caries and periodontal diseases, when the consultation hour was after 7 PM and when the economic level of patient was high. The job satisfaction was increased when the emotional labor was 'average' but was analyzed as the lowest when the emotional labor was high. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the effects of work characteristics, patient type, and emotional labor on job satisfaction(t = 1.994, p = .047), which had high monthly incomes Patients with older patients (t = 3.027, p = .003), the lower the emotional labor (t = 13.858, p = .000), the higher the job satisfaction. That is, to increase the job satisfaction of the dental health professionals, the effort to make the pleasant working environment should be made considering the emotional labor or the characteristics of patient.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.674-682
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• 2014

The personality in Marx's philosophy can be defined as an 'activity on the basis of social relations'. This concept suggests two significant implications to the difference of sexual identity between the sexes. First, according to Marx's philosophy the personality is partially influenced by the ideology. Freud's theory of Oedipus is founded on the patriarchal culture including the ideology. Freud's concept of personality ignores that aspect. That's why Freud's theory of Oedipus complex can be criticized. This is because of his ignorance of the affecting power of male chauvinism in patriarchal society. Second, more importantly and definitely, the difference of activity, especially labor, that is, male's social labor and female's private labor, has influenced the difference of the personality of both sexes.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.6 s.220
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• pp.35-45
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate productive activities effect on psychological well-being in the elderly. As people grow older, the level of physical function and psychological well-being is decreased. But We verified maintaining productive activities could make buffering effect on psychological well-being. And We investigate what kind of productive activities could effect on psychological well-being by gender. As a result, there were differences in self efficacy belief, life satisfaction and depression by age, education, absence of spouse, subjective economic status and physical function. Group activity and domestic labor had on affirmative effect on self efficacy belief in male and female elder. Learning activity had on positive effect on life satisfaction in female. Depression was negative influenced by voluntary activity and domestic labor in female and pay work, group activity and domestic labor in male.