• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.133-134
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• 2006

Recently, despite of the effects of international Coordination and cooperation to prevent piracy, piracy is on an increasing trend every year. Such circumstances may have a bad effect on the sound development of world economy by means of trade in sea as well as treat to the safety of crews and safe operation of ships. Finally, Modern maritime piracy has become one of the major threats to safety at sea. We having Cargo-owners or Ship-owners attacked by piracy, it causes enormous economic losses. Therefore, Ship-owners and Cargo-owners insure Cargo Insurance, Hull Insurance and P&I Insurance to indemnity of losses which is caused by piracy. The Purpose of this paper was to explain the losses caused by piracy and studying the limits of the possibility of indemnity in the Cargo Insurance, Hull Insurance and P&I Insurance.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 1999

A simple analytic model for estimating the volume transport of the Tsushima Current is considered by assuming that the transports through the connecting channels, the Korea and Tsugaru Straits, are geostrophically controled. The model gives a much simpler form of solution than that by Minato and Kimura (1980). It depends no longer on the geometry of the marginal sea and on the thickness of western boundary layer relative to the dimension of the ocean, but considers the geometry of the connecting channels ignored by Nof (1993). The external parameters turn out to be the oceanic meridional sea level difference between the two channels, the depth of the channels and the meridional position of the marginal sea. For typical value of the depth ratio of the channels to the ocean, the model gives an estimate of the Tsushima Current transport of acceptable magnitude.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.587-596
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• 2015

Recent years have shown great advances in the feasibility of long subsea tunnels. Projects such as the Channel Tunnel, the Stoerebelt Tunnel or the Bosporus Crossing have pushed the boundaries of TBM tunneling technology and fueled the work on feasibility studies for even more challenging projects such as crossing the Qiongzhou or Gibraltar Straits. There are numerous geotechnical challenges such as wide variations of ground conditions, high operation pressures or long tunnel distances and finally geological uncertainties which must be solved in order to attempt such projects. Several operational challenges such as large muck quantities interventions under difficult conditions and long transport distances also have to be tackled. TBM manufacturer and construction industry have developed a number of approaches to these challenges which point into the right technical direction and have been proven successfully in recent experiences. Their further development will allow attempting several megaprojects which are currently under discussion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2006

International law provides for fundamental navigational rights called the right of transit passage in international straits as defined by UNCLOS. However, the Australian government published Marine Notice 8/2006 and the associated Part 54 of Australian Marine Orders which requires ships transiting the Torres Strait to engage the services of a pilot and imposes significant penalties for non-compliance on the basis of the IMO MEPC 133(53) which is just a resolution as a recommendation. This paper aims to study legal aspects in UNCLOS on the pilotage in the Torres Strait following the extension of the Great Barrier Reef PSSA neighbouring Australia.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2000

Field survey on the variational characteristics of water quality and chlorophyll a concentraion were carried out at the 25 stations for four seasons in Kogum-sudo(Straits) southern coast of Korean Peninsula from Feburuary to October in 1993. We made an analysis on biological factor as chlorophyll a concentraion as well as physicio-chemical factors such as water temperature salinity sigma-t transparency dissolved oxygen(DO) chemical oxygen demand(COD) nutrients (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) N/P ratio and suspended solid(SS). The waters in the Kogum-sudo were not stratified due to the tidal mixing. And the high productivity in photic layer were supported by high nutrients concentration from bottom waters. The high concen-trations of suspended solid in straits had a bad influence upon marine biology of nature and cultivations. In Kogum-sudo had a sufficient nutrients for primary productivity during a year. Especially phosphate and inorganic nitrogen were high the other side silicate was very low. The source of nutrients supply depend on rather mineralization of organic matters and input of seawater from outside than input of freshwaters from lands. Phytoplankton biomass as measured by chlorphyll a concentratiion was very high all the year round and it was controlled by the combination o f several environmental factors especially of phosphate in summer and dissolved nitrogen in other seasons.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.103-107
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• 2001

The major studies of an ocean circulation of the East/Japan Sea related to evaluate the feasibility and utilization of deep ocean water are reviewed. The major feature of surface current system of the East/Japan Sea is an inflow of the Tsushima Warm Current through the Korea/Tsushima Strait and the outflow through the Tsugaru and Soya Straits. The Tsushima Warm Current has been known to split into two or three branches in the southern region of the East/Japan Sea. In the cold water region of the East/Japan Sea, the North Korean Cold Current turns to the east near 39$^{\circ}$N after meeting the East Korean Warm Current, then flows eastward. The degree of penetration depends on the strength of the positive wind stress curl, according to the ventilation theory. Various current meter moorings indicate strong and oscillatory deep currents in various parts of the basin. According to some numerical experiments, these currents may be induced by pressure-topography or eddy-topography interaction. However, more investigations are needed to explain clearly the presence of these strong bottom currents. This study concludes the importance of topographical coupling, isopycnal outcropping, different wind forcing and the branching of the Tsushima Warm Current on the circulation of the East/Japan Sea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.213-223
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• 1998

This paper deals with the geoid modelling in and around Korean peninsula referred to Bessel ellipsoid. Several useful data were used to compute precise geoidal heights referred to GRS80 by remove and restore technique and FFT technique was used to evaluate Stokes' integral. All grid point elevations extracted from GTOPO 30 and Bessel coordinates of all grid point were computed through coordinates transformation by applying three transformation parameters. Finally, geoidal heights referred to Bessel ellipsoid were calculated by geometric method. As the results of this study, a precise gravimetric geoid model referred to GRS80 (KOGGDM33) and geoid model referred to Bessel ellipsoid(KOBGDM33) in and around Korean peninsula were developed. KOBGDM33 shows the gradual distribution of geoidal heights from -91.8 m in Yongampo to -39.0 m in the straits of Korea.