• 치위생과학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 2017

실험동물의 TMJ 내에 포르말린으로 유도한 염증성 통증 모델에서 홍삼 및 흑삼 추출물이 통증 발생과 조절에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 홍삼 혹은 흑삼 추출물을 TMJ 내에 투여한 후 통증 행위반응의 변화를 관찰하였고, 또한 실험동물의 연수를 적출하여 Nrf2 경로의 활성 변화를 단백정량분석법을 활용해서 분석한 결과 먼저, 포르말린을 TMJ에 주입한 결과 안면부 통증행위반응이 유의하게 증가되었다. 이것을 토대로 홍삼 및 흑삼 추출물의 경구 투여한 결과 포르말린에 의해 유도된 실험동물에서 통증행위 반응이 효과적으로 감소되었고, 단회투여보다 반복투여가 포르말린 2차 통증행위반응 경감에 더 효과적으로 나타났다. 또한 홍삼 및 흑삼 추출물의 반복 투여 시 포르말린에 주입에 의해 증가된 연수에서의 Nrf2 단백 발현량을 감소시켰고, 간과 신장의 독성검사에서도 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 홍삼 및 흑삼 추출물은 간과 신장을 부작용을 나타내지 않으면서 포르말린으로 유도된 안면부 통증과 Nrf2의 발현의 조절에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.555-562
• /
• 2010

김치 제조 시 홍삼의 효능을 알아보기 위하여 홍삼 추출액을 첨가하여 배추김치를 제조하였다. 홍삼 추출액을 0, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% (all v/w)의 농도로 첨가한 후 $20^{\circ}C$에서 4일간 보관하며 배추김치의 품질 특성을 알아보았다. 홍삼 추출액 첨가 김치의 pH는 대조군에 비해 높았으며, 총산도는 저장기간 동안 대조군에 비해 낮았다. 대조군의 명도(L value)는 홍삼 추출액이 첨가된 김치보다 낮게 나타났다. 홍삼 추출액 첨가군의 적색도(a value)는 대조군보다 높게 나타났다. 황색도(b value)는 5% 홍삼 추출액 첨가군에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 그러나 저장 4일째에는 대조군이 가장 높은 황색도를 나타내었다. 홍삼 추출액이 첨가된 김치의 경도는 대조군보다 높게 나타났다. 총균수, 젖산균수 그리고 효모의 성장은 홍삼 추출액 첨가에 의해 현저히 감소되었다. 그러나 고농도의 홍삼 추출액 처리(3% 와 5%)는 외관, 색, 맛, 질감, 전체적 선호도를 감소시켰다. 따라서 홍삼 추출액이 첨가된 김치 제조에는 0.5~1% 수준의 홍삼 추출액 첨가가 적합할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.173-180
• /
• 1998

Thrombogenesis and atherosclerosis are mainly caused by platelet aggregation, blood coagulation, and hyperlipidemia. Platelet aggrelation, activated platelet thromboplastin time (APTT) were measured as indexes of blood coagulation and lipid contents in the subjects who have taken red ginseng products (e.g. water extract, tea, drink etc.) for 4 to 5 years. The platelet aggregation in the red ginseng-taking group was significantly decreased, as compared with the non-red ginseng-intaking group, when platelets were stimulated by 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of collagen (P<0.01). The atherogenic index and the ratio of triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol in blood, the risk factors of atherosclerosis, were decreased in the subjects of ginseng group, compared with that in control group. APTT was also prolonged to greater extent in ginseng group than in control group. These results suggest that long-term intake of ginseng products may help to prevent the risks of thrombogenesis and atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 1994

The effects of red ginseng extracts (5.5 mg/mouse: i.p.) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) and lipid peroxidation were studied in the cytosol fraction of kidney. The experiments were carried out with whole-body irradiated (6.0 Gy, $^{60}Co$) and non-irradiated ICR mice. In the red ginseng extract-treated and irradiated mice, the activities of Cu, Zn- SOD, Mn-SOD, catalase and peroxidase were significantly enhanced by 27.8, 31.9, 17.9 and 15.0%, respectively, but the contents of malondialdehyde were considerably decreased (81.OfS) after 21 days, compared with those of non-treated mice. The enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes inhibited the increase of malondialdehyde product resulted from the ionizing radiation. These results suggest that red ginseng extracts probably play an important role in radioprotective effect. Key words Red ginseng, SOD, catalase, peroxidase, lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.204-211
• /
• 1994

Three unknown ninhydrin positive substances (UK-I, UK-II and UK-III) were detected with an amino acid analyzer in a water extract of Korean red ginseng. One of them (UK-II) was isolated and determined to be maltulosyl arginine (Arg-Fru-Glc) on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. Another one (VK-III) was identified as Arg-Fru. Maltulosyl arginine, but not Arg-Fru, is a newly identified amino acid derivative. The Korean red ginseng was shown to contain more amount of maltulosyl arginine than the white ginseng. Maltulosyl arginine was found to be produced by the Mallard reaction of maltose with arginine during the heating process involved in preparation of the red ginseng. Maltulosyl arginine was found to inhibit maltase activity. Based on these results, the physiological significance of this new compound is discussed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 1996

Red Ginseng extracts sol'n was sterilized at 85f for 20 mins and/or stored at 4$0^{\circ}C$ for 6 months and centrifuged for 20 mins at 8,500xg in order to investigate the changes in chemical components of supernatants and the properties of precipitates. Contents of crude saponin and ginsenoside-$Rb_1$, -$Rg_1$, -Re were partially decreased during heating and storage. Starch contents were decreased from 26.81% in red ginseng extracts to 17.50-8.81% in supernatants, whereas free sugar contents were increased from 15.50% to 20.29~21.35% by heating and storage. The contents of protein and minerals in supernatants were decreased, but acidic polysaccharides and polyphenol compounds were not changed. pH values of supernatants and precipitates were decreased. The absorbances of brown color precursor and brown pigment in precipitates, detected at 285 nm and 440 nm were remarkably increased. The Overa11 data suggest that precipitates in red ginseng extracts sol'n formed during steilization and storage are provably the brown pigments resulting from Maillard reaction of amino compounds with reducing sugar which could be released from starch and protein matrix and $Cu^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ ions are implicated with the reaction incorporated.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.509-513
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extract using high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, a special component in red ginseng. From when the ginseng saponin glycosides transformed into the prosapogenins chemically, they were analyzed using the HPLC method. The ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with several treatment conditions of an edible brewing vinegar. The results indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ quantities increased over 4% at the pH 2-4 level of vinegar treatment. This occurred at temperatures above $R90^{\circ}C$, but not occurred at other pH and temperature condition. In addition, the ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with the twice-brewed vinegar (about 14% acidity). This produced about 1.5 times more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ than those processed with regular amounts of brewing vinegar (about 7% acidity) and persimmon vinegar (about 3% acidity). Though the white ginseng extract was processed with the brewing vinegar over four hr, there was no change for ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, the VG8-7 was the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.71%) in the white ginseng extract, which was processed with the twice-brewed vinegar for nine hr. These results indicate that ginseng treated with vinegar had 10 times the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, compared to the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the generally commercial red ginseng, while ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was not found in raw and white ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.442-451
• /
• 2019

Background: Ginseng has a wide range of beneficial effects on health, such as the mitigation of minor and major inflammatory diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. There are abundant data regarding the health-enhancing properties of whole ginseng extracts and single ginsenosides; however, no study to date has determined the receptors that mediate the effects of ginseng extracts. In this study, for the first time, we explored whether the antiinflammatory effects of Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) are mediated by retinoid X receptor ${\alpha}$-peroxisome-proliferating receptor ${\gamma}$ ($RXR{\alpha}-PPAR{\gamma}$) heterodimer nuclear receptors. Methods: Nitric oxide assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, nuclear hormone receptor-binding assay, and molecular docking analyses were used for this study. Results: Rg3-RGE exerted antiinflammatory effects via nuclear receptor heterodimers between $RXR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$ agonists and antagonists. Conclusion: These findings indicate that Rg3-RGE can be considered a potent antiinflammatory agent, and these effects are likely mediated by the nuclear receptor $RXR{\alpha}-PPAR{\gamma}$ heterodimer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 2013

Korean red ginseng is known to regulate the immune system and help the body struggle infection and disease. Cadmium is widely distributed in the environment due to its use in industry. Exposure to cadmium is problematic causing organ dysfunction. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. In experiments, animals were orally administrated with RGE (25, 50 mg/kg) for 7 d and then intravenously injected with cadmium ($CdCl_2$, 4 mg/kg) to induce acute hepatotoxicity. Cadmium caused the elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. In contrast, pretreatment with RGE significantly reduced those serum indexes related with liver damage. In histopathological analysis, RGE decreased the centrilobular necrosis around central veins and the peripheral hemorrhage around portal triads. Moreover, RGE restored the deficit in hepatic glutathione level resulting from cadmium treatment. RGE also inhibited the increase in the expression of Bad, a representative apoptosis marker protein, induced by cadmium treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that RGE can reduce the cadmium-induced hepatic toxicity, partly via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic process.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.41-45
• /
• 2018

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used as traditional herbal drug in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are major components having pharmacological and biological efficacy like anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor effects. To control the quality of the components in diverse ginseng products, we developed a new quantitative method using LC-MS/MS for 13 ginsenosides; Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg3, F1, F2, and compound K. This method was successfully validated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. This quantification method applied in four representative ginseng products; fresh ginseng powder, white ginseng powder, red ginseng extract powder, and red ginseng extract. Here the amounts of the 13 ginsenosides in the various type of ginseng samples could be analyzed simultaneously and expected to be suitable for quality control of ginseng products.