• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2007

Osteoarthritis is characterized by cartilage degradation and chondrocytes death. Chondrocyte death is induced by the apotosis through special mechanisms including the activation of caspase-3. On the basis of this background, this study was designed to examine the cartilage protective and anti-apototic effects of Aralia Cordata in in vtro and in collagenase-induced arthritis rabbit model. To conduct in vitro study, chondrocytes culturedfrom rabbit knee joint were treated by 5 ng/ml IL-1a.For in vivo experiment, collagenase-induced arthritis (CIA) rabbit model was made via intraarticular injection with 0.25 ml of collagenase solution. Aralia cordata pharmacopuncture (ACP) was administrated on bilateral Dokbi acupoint (ST35) of rabbits at a dosage of 150 ${\mu}g/kg$ once a day for 28 days after the initiation of the CIA induction. In the study by using CIA rabbit model in vivo, ACP showed the inhibition of cartilage degradation in histological analysis. Aralia cordata also showed anti-apoptotic effect both in vitro and in vivo study. In chondrocytes treated by IL-1a, Aralia cordata inhibited caspase-3 activity and enhanced the proliferation of IL-1a-induced dedifferentiated chondrocytes. ACP showed the inhibition effect on the caspase-3 expression and activity from CIA rabbit model. This study indicates that ACP inhibits the cartilage destruction and the chondrocyte apotosis through downregulation of caspase-3 activity. These data suggest that ACP has a beneficial effect on preventing articular cartilage destruction in osteoarthrtis.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical effects of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on osteoarthritis (OA). Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were used as cranial cruciate ligament transection and partial meniscectomy models. The rabbits were divided into five groups (n = 6) according to the intra-articular injection materials: the control group with PBS, the HA group with hyaluronic acid, the CMC group with CMC, the MSC group with MSCs emerged in PBS, and the MSC+CMC group with CMC and MSCs. Knee thickness, extension angle, gross morphology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the effects of CMC and MSCs on rabbit OA. On the morphologic and histologic examination, the articular surfaces of the femur and tibia were markedly damaged in control group with higher Mankin score and lower cartilage surface thickness. However, OA related cartilage defects were alleviated by the treatment of MSC and/or CMC. The expressions of apoptotic and inflammatory cytokines were decreased and cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) related collagens I and II were enhanced by the treatment of MSC and/or CMC. In conclusion, this study showed that CMC and MSC treatments have a beneficial effects on OA via the protection of cartilage damage, the stimulation of ECM, and the inhibition of inflammatory and apoptotic reaction.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.43-53
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• 2005

Objective: Since Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) has been known to have anti-inflammatory and protective effects on damaged tissue, inflammation and bone among other functions, this study was undertaken to address whether the water extract of the bark of Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) (UD) could modulate the expression of inducible inflammatory cytokines in mice. The present study was also done in order to assess the therapeutic effects of UD in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Methods : DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen. After a second collagen immunization, mice were treated with UD orally at 100 mg/kg once a day for 3 weeks. Paws were evaluated macroscopically for redness, swelling and deformities. The levels of $TNF-{\alpha}\;and\;IL-1{\beta}$ in the ankle were examined. The severity of arthritis within the knee joints was evaluated by histological assessment of cartilage destruction and pannus formation. Results : Administration of UD significantly suppressed the progression of CIA and inhibited the production of $TNF-{\alpha}\;and\;IL-1{\beta}$ in the paws. The erosion of cartilage was dramatically reduced in mouse knees after treatment with UD. In the serum of UD-treated mice, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokines, were increased. Conclusion : From the results, it was concluded that administration of UD has therapeutic effects on CIA including protection of cartilage and RA for a potential therapy.

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2001

목적 : 근위 경골 종양의 광범위 절제술에 따른 재건술은 적절한 연부 조직의 피복(cover age), 슬관절 신전 장치(knee extensor apparatus), 특히 슬개건의 견고한 재부착이 어려워 슬관절의 기능적 결과가 만족스럽지 않은 것으로 알려져 있는바, 근위 경골의 골육종으로 광범위 절제 후 종양 대치물 삽입으로 사지 구제술을 시행 받은 환자에서 기능을 평가하고 문제점을 분석하기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1992년 4월부터 1998년 10월까지 경골 근위부의 골육종으로 확진된 후 종양 대치물을 이용한 사지 구제술을 시술 받은 11명을 대상으로 하였다. 남자가 6명, 여자가 5명이었으며, 환자의 나이는 15세에서 65세로 평균 23.7세였다. 추시 기간은 최단 1년에서 최장 4년 6개월로, 평균 2년 5개월이었다. 최종 기능평가는 1993년 국제 사지 보존 회의(International Symposium On Limb Salvage; ISOLS)에서 수정 보완한 방법을 이용하여 동통, 기능(functional activity), 환자의 정서적 만족도(emotional acceptance), 보조기 사용여부(use of external support), 보행 능력(walking ability), 그리고 보행 상태(gait)등 여섯 가지로 나누어 평가하였다. 각각의 요소를 최하 0점에서 최고 5점으로 하고 그 중간을 정도에 따라 1, 2, 3, 4점으로 점수화하여 정상 기능에 대한 백분율(% )로 표시하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 기능 평가 성적은 정상 기능에 대해 최고 86.7%에서 최저 53.3%로 평균 68.3%를 나타냈으며, 세부적으로 보면 동통이 82.5%, 기능이 62.5%, 정서적 만족도가 67.5%, 보조기 사용여부는 77.5%, 보행능력은 62.5%, 보행상태는 57.5%였다. 슬관절의 평균 운동범위는 신전 5도, 굴곡 85도였으며, 5례에서 최소 5도, 최고 15도, 평균 10도의 신전 제한(extension lag)을 보였다. 합병증으로는 2명에서 수술 후 감염 소견을 보였으며 1명은 항생제 치료로 호전되었으나 다른 1명은 종양 구조물 제거 후 관절고정술로 전환이 필요하였다. 결론 : 경골 근위부의 골육종 환자에서 광범위 절제 후 종양 대치물 삽입에 의한 사지구제술의 기능 평가 성적은 감염이 합병되지 않은 경우에는 전반적으로 양호하였으나, 동통 소실, 보조기 사용여부에 비해 슬관절의 부분 강직 및 extension lag로 인해 기능, 정서적 만족도, 보행등에서 덜 만족스러웠다. 임상적으로 더 만족스러운 결과를 얻기 위해 수술 후 대퇴사두근 강화 운동 및 굴곡 운동 등의 적극적인 재활 치료가 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.124-131
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• 2015

원료물질 또는 공정부산물을 가공하거나 이를 원료로 하여 제조된 제품인 가공제품은 함유된 천연방사성핵종(우라늄, 토륨, 포타슘 등)으로부터 감마선 방출로 외부피폭을 유발할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 방사성핵종 농도 우라늄 토륨 $1Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$, 포타슘 $10Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$을 가정하고 평형상태의 감마선방출을 가정하여 최종사용자의 사용환경을 반영하여 몬테칼로 전산모사로 복셀팬텀인 ICRP 기준팬텀과 ICRP 권고 103을 적용하여 가공제품의 연간피폭선량을 계산하고 체계를 개발하였다. 가공제품은 사용환경에 따라 피부비밀착형(석고보드, 음이온 벽지, 음이온 페인트)과 피부밀착형(팔찌, 목걸이, 벨트, 뜸질기)으로 구분하였고 기하학적 모델링은 일반가구가 거주하는 주택의 유형 분포추이와 설계지침을 반영하여 룸모델링($3m{\times}4m{\times}2.8m$ 보수적으로 밀폐된 방)과 복셀팬텀 분할면에 직접 가공제품을 모사하였다. 사용시간은 한국형 노출지수 개발 및 운영체계 구축 보고서를 참고하였으며 알 수 없는 제품은 보수적으로 24시간을 가정하였다. 본 연구에서 가공제품의 연간 유효선량은 0.00003 ~ 0.47636 mSv로 평가되었으며 벨트류 장기등가선량률을 확인하여 복셀팬텀에 가공제품을 직접 모사하는 것의 의미를 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.697-704
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• 2013

본 실험에서는 primary culture된 연골세포 in vitro 실험모델과 MIA로 유발한 골관절염 in vivo 실험모델을 이용하여 꾸지뽕나무 잎 추출물의 관절염 예방 효과를 확인하였다. 먼저 MTT 시험법을 통해 세포 사용 적정농도를 $500{\mu}g/mL$ 이하로 결정하여 연골세포사멸 억제를 확인하고, 이를 근간으로 골관절염 동물실험 모델에서 골관절염 예방효과를 확인하였다. $H_2O_2$ 처리에 따른 산화적 독성으로 연골세포 사멸을 유도한 실험에서 꾸지뽕 잎 추출물은 정상세포 수준으로 사멸을 억제하였으며, 이러한 효과는 CTL80의 $200{\mu}g/mL$, CTL10의 $300{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 비교적 높게 나타났다. 교원질 합성을 억제하고 분해를 촉진시키는 MMPs(MMP-7, MMP-13)의 발현을 실시간 정량 PCR로 측정하여 발현변화를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 앞선 세포실험 결과와 마찬가지로 CTL80과 CTL10 처리군에서 발현이 유의적으로 낮아졌음을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 특히 CTL80에서 MMP-7과 MMP-13의 발현이 농도 유의적으로 감소하였으며, CTL10의 경우 200, $300{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 유의적으로 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 세포실험 결과를 바탕으로 동물실험에서의 적정농도를 결정하였으며, 동물독성실험 결과 이상이 없음을 확인하고 실험을 진행하였다. 이때 세포실험결과 선정된 두농도(200, $300{\mu}g/mL$) 간의 차이가 미미하여 동물실험에 적용할 경우 비슷한 실험결과가 나타날 것으로 사료되어 두 실험군 간의 결과를 정확히 구분 짓기 위해 200, $500{\mu}g/mL$ 농도를 선정하여 사용하였다. 골관절염 유발 동물모델을 만들기 위해 SD rat의 관절강에 MIA를 injection 하였으며, 꾸지뽕 잎 에탄올 추출물 투여에 따른 관절염 예방 효과를 관찰하기 위해 관절염 유발 2주일 전부터 1일 1회 경구투여를 실시하고, 유발 후 3주간 지속적으로 투여하고 관찰하였다. 동물 관절의 병리학적 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 Micro-CT 촬영 및 분석을 실시한 결과 Control 군은 골의 강도와 밀도가 감소한 반면, 양성대조군인 MTX 투여군에서 정상군과 비슷한 수준으로 회복된 것을 확인하였고, CTL80-200군과 CTL10-500군에서 Control 군에 비해 유의적으로 수치가 감소하여 골관절염에 따른 손상이 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 동물의 관절조직의 H&E 염색을 통한 조직학적인 변화에서는 골관절염 유발로 연골세포의 손상과 뼈조직의 손상을 관찰하였으며 관절형태를 알아볼 수 없을 정도로 손상된 것을 확인하였다. 반면 CTL80과 CTL10에서는 관절강 세포의 형태가 정상군과 비슷한 둥근모양을 띤 양상을 보였으며 연골조직의 형태가 잘 유지되어 Control 군에 비해 꾸지뽕잎의 투여효과가 나타났음을 관찰하였다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 꾸지뽕 잎 에탄올 추출물은 높은 항관절염 효과가 있을 것으로 사료되며, 항관절염 효능을 지니는 기능성 소재로써 개발 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.15-35
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• 2015

Objectives This study was performed to investigate the effects of Bujasasim-tang ethanol extract (BST) on oxidative stress, inflammation and osteoarthritic rat model. Methods To ensure safety of BST, heavy metal levels were measured and cytotoxicity test was done. In vitro, To evaluate antioxidative effects of BST, total phenolic contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. Also, to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of BST treated group, total nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$) levels were measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo, We injected MIA $50{\mu}l$ (60 mg/ml) into knee joints of rats to induce osteoarthritis. Rats were divided into total 3 groups (normal, control, BST treated group, each n=7). Normal group was not treated at all without inducing osteoarthritis and taken normal diet. Control group was induced osteoarthritis by MIA and taken with 2 ml of distilled water once a day for 4 weeks. BST treated group was induced osteoarthritis by MIA and taken BST 2 ml (200 mg/kg/mouse) once a day for 4 weeks. We evaluated dynamic weight bearing with the Incapacitance Test Meter. At the end of experiment, the rats were sacrificed to observe the functions of liver and kidney, changes of WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte levels in blood, to evaluate the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tissue inhibitor of metallopreteinases-1 (TIMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), leukotriene $B_4$ ($LTB_4$) within serum. We observed change of articular structures by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), safranin-O staining method and measured amount of cartilage by micro CT-arthrography. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired student's t-test with significance level at p<0.05 in SPSS 11.0 for windows. Results 1. Safety of the BST was identified. 2. AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine levels of BST treated group were within normal limit. In vitro, 1. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of BST showed dose-dependent increase. 2. ROS production were significantly decreased. 3. Total nitric oxide (NO) and IL-$1{\beta}$ production were decreased. 4. IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production were significantly decreased. In vivo, 1. Weight bearing ability was significantly increased. 2. WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte levels in blood were decreased. 3. IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels in serum were significantly decreased. and the IL-6 level was decreased. 4. TIMP-1, MMP-9, $LTB_4$, $PGE_2$ levels in serum were significantly decreased. 5. Cartilage volume of BST treated group was significantly increased. Also changes of cartilage, synovial membrane, fibrous tissue were suppressed. Conclusions The results obtained in this study Bujasasim-tang have effects of antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, relieve pain and protection of cartilage. Therefore we expect that Bujasasim-tang is effective treatment for osteoarthritis.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2021

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a complex mixture of natural substances of ginseng and baeknyeoncho on the arthritic rats. Methods : In vitro experiments were conducted to ensure the stability of the complex. After setting toxicity and concentration by MTT assay, the antioxidant effect was measured through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. To confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of the complex, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) were measured in LPS-treated macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7). We injected monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) 50 μl (60 mg/ml) into knee joints of rats to induce osteoarthritis. The rats were divided into three groups (normal (n=5), control (n=5), and OR (n=5) group). The control group consumed 2 mg/kg of physiological saline once a day for 4 weeks, and the OR group was mixed at a concentration of 416.5 mg/kg of Baengnyeoncho (O) and 208.25 mg/kg of red ginseng (R) and ingested 1 mL each 5 days a week. Results : This complex increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate. The complex decreased NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokine production of macrophages. In the OR group, the secretion of cytokine in serum was decreased. In histopathological examination, the joint tissue of the composite showed less damage to the synovial membrane, cartilage, and fibrous tissue than the control group. Conclusions : As a result of this study, natural complexes have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cartilage protection effects. Therefore, we expect the complex to be effective in treating osteoarthritis.

• 복식
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• 제15권
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• pp.177-194
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• 1990

Koh(袴) was a type of dress worn on the lower part of the body which was commonly used in the Northeast Asia. It was originally used by the Northern race for the need of nomadism or hunting. The origin of the Koh which appeared in the area would be found from the trousers of the Huns who influenced in the Northeast Asia, and became in the part of the Scythian culture. The Scythians are the nomadizing race inhabited in the Northern Caucasas on the wast of the Black Sea and influenced on the inland Eurasian steppe as the first typical horse-riding race. The objectives of Koh which had been worn in the Scythian, Mongolia, Korea as well as Japan as a part of Dongho dress and ornaments and to contemplate the transmission process by cultural exchange among different races for the period from 4th century to 7th century. 1. The Origination of the Koh The Koh was originated by the environmental factor to protect the cold in the North but also from the heat in the South, and was changed and developed as gradually satisfying to the needs of the times. In the Northeast Asia the Koh was in the class of the Northern Chinese garment, and was used widely by the horse riding Scythians who moved widely from the Eurasian inland to Japan. The oldest original which could reflect the type of the Northern clothes was a pair of trousers discovered in the Huns remains of Noin Ula. This showed the exact form of hunting clothes and had a similar form with the Korean female tro-users. Since the same form of trousers drawn on the wall painting of which was excavated 4-5th century ancient Koguryo(高句麗) tomb was the same form the trousers of Noin Ula seemed to be the original form of Koh in the Northeast Asia. 2. The Chinese Trousers It was the time of the King Mooryung(武靈王) in the Cho(趙) Dynasty B.C. 3th century that the trousers used regularly in China. However, the Koh had been used as undergarment which functioned for the protection of the cold not the horseriding garment. The trousers seemed to be not very obviously shown off since the Poh (袍) was long, but mainly used by the people from lower class. As people learned the adapted the trousers. It was essential for the times of war and quarrel. The king himself started wearing the Koh. The Chinese trousers were influenced by the Huns, the Northern clothes of the Scythian culture, and similar to the Korean clothes. 3. The Korean Trousers Korean was a race bared from the Eastern foreign group. It was obvious that the clothes was Baji-Jeogori(바지 저고리), the garment of the Northern people. This had the same form of the Scythian dress and ornaments which was excavated from the Mongolian Noin Ula. The Scythian dress and ornaments were influenced from the Ancient West Asia Empire and transmitted to the Northeast Koguryu by the horseriding Scythian. The trousers were kept in the traditional style by the common people in Korea were transmitted to Japan which were for behind in cultural aspect, as well as got used to the Chinese as the efficient clothes though active cultural exchange. 4. The Japanese Trousers The ancient Japanese clothes were influenced by the Southern factor but not the form of the Koh. As the Korean people group was moving towards Japan and conquer the Japanese in the 4-5th century, however, North Altaic culture was formed and at the same time the clothes were also developed. The most influenced clothes at this time were those of Baekge(百濟) and the trousers form called Euigon became the main form. Because of the climatic regional factor, it was tied not at the ankle but under the knee. From the view the ancient Japanese clothes disappeard about that time, it could be due to the conquest of the culturally superior race but not the transmission of the culture. In the latest 7th century both the Chinese and Japanese dress forms were present, but the Dongho(東胡) dress and its ornament from Korea was still the basic of the Japanese dress form.

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2003

목적: 본 연구는 인 라인 스케이트를 타다가 발생한 다양한 형태의 손상에 대해 기 술하고 그 원인과 예 방 방법을 찾고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 인 라인 스케이트를 타던 중 수상 후 본원 및 인근 병원에 내원하여 치료를 받은 환자 57예를 조사하였다 이 중 남자 37명 , 여 자20명이었으며 평균 연령 은 9세 9개월 (범위 , 6$\~$40세)이었다 수상 부위 및 인 라인 스케이트를 즐겨 타던 장소, 수상 당시 보호 장비의 착용 여부, 그리고 수상 기전 등을 조사하였다. 결과: 수상 형 태로는 골절 50예 슬관절 연골판 파열 1예 , 슬관절 내측 측부 인대 손상 2예 , 좌상 및 염 좌 4예였으며 골절의 부위로는 원위부 요-척골 골절 33예(66$\%$) , 주관절부 골절 5예(10$\%$) , 상완골 간부 골절 3예(6$\%$) 등으로 나타났다. 수상 당시의 장소는 복잡한 아파트 단지 22예 (39$\%$) , 좁은 골목길 19예 (33$\%$) , 공원 16예 (28$\%$)였다 보호장비 착용 여부로는 단 5예에서만 부분적으로 보호장비를 착용하였으며 슬관절 보호대만을 착용한 경우 2예, 슬관절 및 주관절 보호대 1예, 슬관절 , 주관절 및 완관절 보호대 2예였고, 헬멧을 착용한 경우는 없었다 결론: 인 라인 스케이트를 타다가 발생하는 손상을 줄이 기 위해서 는 적절한 보호장비의 착용 및 안전한 장소의 선택이 필요하며 , 인 라인 스케이트를 타는 방법에 대 하여 동호회 등을 통한 지속적 이고 효과적 인 교육이 중요하다고 사료되었다