• 대한간호
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.45-62
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• 1998

The study was conducted from November 1995 to May 1996 at the one general hospital in Seoul. The total subjects of this study were 412 patients who have the experience of fall accident, among them 31 was who have fallen during hospitalization and 381 was who visited emergency room and out patient clinic. The purposes of this study were to determine the characteristics, risk factors and results of fall accident and to suggest the nursing strategies for prevention of fall. Data were collected by reviewing the medical records and interviewing with the fallers and their family members. For data analysis, spss/pc+ program was utilized for descriptive statistics, adjusted standardized $X^2$-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Total subjects were 412 fallers, of which 245(59.5%) were men and 167(40.5%) were women. Age were 0-14 years 79(19.2%), 15-44 years 125(30.4%), 45-64 years 104(25.2%), over 65 years 104(25.2%). 2) There was significant association between age and the sexes ($X^2$=39.17, P=0.00). 3) There was significant association between age and history of falls ($X^2$=44.41. P= .00). And history of falls in the elderly was significantly associated with falls. 4) There was significant association with age and medical diagnosis ($X^2$=140.66, P= .00), chief medical diagnosis were hypertension(34), diabetis mellitus(22), arthritis(11), stroke(8), fracture(7), pulmonary tuberculosis(6), dementia(5) and cataract(5), 5) There was significant association between age and intrinsic factors: cognitive impairment, mobility impairment, insomnia, emotional problems, urinary difficulty, visual impairments, hearing impairments, use of drugs (sedatives , antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, antidepressants) (P < 0.05). But there was no significant association between age and dizziness ($X^2$=2.87, P=.41). 6) 15.3% of total fallers were drunken state when they were fallen. 7) Environmental factors of fall accident were unusual posture (50.9%), slips(35.2%), trips (9.5%) and collision(4.4%). 8) Most of falls occurred during the day time, peak frequencies of falls occurred from 1pm to 6pm and 7am to 12am. 9) The places of fall accident were roads(22.6%), house-stairs 06.7%), rooms, floors, kitchen (11.2%), the roof-top, veranda, windows(10.9%), hospital(7.5%), ice or snowy ways(5.8%), bathroom(4.9%), playground, park(4.9%), subway-stairs(4.4%) and public-bathrooms (2.2%). 10) Activities at the time of fall accident were walking(37.6%), turning around or reaching for something(20.9%), going up or down stairs09.2%), exereise, working07.4%), up or down from a bed(2.7%), using wheelchair or walking aids, standing up or down from a chair(2.2%) and standing still(2.2%). 11) Anatomical locations of injuries by falls were head, face, neck(31.3%), lower extremities (29.9%). upper extremities(20.6%), spine, thorax, abdomen or pelvic contents(l1.4%) and unspecified(2.9%). 12) Types of injures were fracture(47.6%), bruises03.8%), laceration (13.3%), sprains(9.0%), headache(6.6%), abrasions(2.9%), intracranial hemorrage(2.4%) and burns(0.5%). 13) 41.5% of the fallers were hospitalized and average of hospitalization was 22.3 days. 14) The six fallers(1.46%) died from fall injuries. The two fallers died from intracranial hemorrage and the four fallers died of secondary infection; pneumonia(2), sepsis(1) and cell lulitis(1). It is suggested that 1) Further study is needed with larger sample size to identify the fall risk factors. 2) After the fall accident, comprehensive nursing care and regular physical exercise should be emphasized for the elderly person. 3) Safety education and safety facilities of the public place and home is necessary for fall prevention.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

本研究的目的是对咖啡店的 "重要性"（顾客在光顾咖啡店以前的感知）和积极或消极的 "满意度"（顾客在光顾咖啡店以后的感受）之间的差距进行分类, 并分析这些差距对对购买行为的影响. 为此, 我使用重要性和满意度之间的差距作为选择咖啡店的解释变量, 并通过使用有序Probit模型（OPM）来实证分析差距对购买行为（整体满意度和愿意到再次光顾）的影响方向和大小. 先前使用IPA的研究评估了差距影响的方向和大小的象限, 但是在分析差距对顾客的影响方面却失败了. 在本研究中, 我评估了积极和消极的差距对顾客满意度和愿意去再光顾的影响. 通过使用OPM,我量化了积极和消极的差距对顾客整体满意度和愿意去再光顾的影响. 每个人的支出, 光顾的频率和购买咖啡的地方对顾客整体满意度有最积极的影响. 光顾的频率, 在每人的支出之后, 然后是购买咖啡的地方对顾客整体满意度有最积极的影响. 因此每个人的支出和光顾的频率对顾客整体满意度有最积极的影响. 这一发现意味着一个在咖啡店每次或每周花费5000韩元的顾客的实际的满意度越高（差距), 其整体满意度和愿意去再光顾就越高. 虽然经济效益对总体满意度和愿意去再光顾有显著影响, 但是大专和大学的学生仍然愿意去咖啡馆并愿意消费5000韩元, 因为他们不只是购买咖啡本身而且将咖啡店作为其他活动的场所, 例如工作, 和朋友见面或是放松的地方. 学院和大学的学生还可以在咖啡店通过个人电脑上网, 看电影, 学习, 因此, 咖啡馆应对顾客提供适当的设施和服务. 咖啡店品牌的积极差距对愿意去再光顾有积极的影响表明顾客满意度越高, 顾客越愿意去再光顾. 另一方面, 这一因素的消极差距意味着顾客满意度越低, 顾客再光顾的意愿也越低. 因此, 在本研究中, 与其他评估的因素相比, 品牌因素对满意度有较大的影响. 鉴于国内咖啡文化变得越来越高级, 大专院校的学生对这一趋势也很敏感, 所以学生有很多可选择的品牌. 在韩国最高级的咖啡店, 外墙是玻璃建造的并可以打开, 内部是充满异国情调的开放式厨房. 这些高级咖啡店作为标志的功能复合大专院校学生的品味. 韩国咖啡店已成为一个文化品牌. 从品牌因素来看, 为了让顾客觉得这些咖啡店是高级的, 高质量的设备和提供更好服务的措施应当建立起来. 韩国咖啡馆作为蓬勃发展的行业品牌竞争加剧的结果表明, 提供与竞争对手不同的额外服务是有必要的. 顾客可以免费使用扫描仪. 另一个可以用来提高品牌的战略是提供和经营为集体学习而准备的讨论会议室. 如果咖啡馆采取这些类型的策略, 学院/大学的学生将更有可能认为他们承担的费用是值得的, 随后, 他们将可能更满足这些咖啡馆的品牌, 并更愿意再次光顾. 性别和学习年数对总体满意度和再光顾的意愿有最消极的营销. 女学生比男学生更容易满足和再光顾. 三, 四年级的学生比一, 二年级的学生更容易满足和再光顾. 喝咖啡的学生, 单独在咖啡店看书, 用笔记本电脑是很容易被注意到的. 高年级学生为了有效地利用时间用于自我发展和寻找工作往往独自光顾咖啡店. 从积极的差距来看, 经济效率这一因素对总体满意度和愿意再光顾有最大的影响. 与咖啡价格一起, 学生实际满意度（差距）越高, 总体满意度和再光顾的意愿也越高. 有消极差距的经济效率队再光顾有消极营销的结果表明较小的消极差距可以让再光顾的意愿更高. 在持续恶化的市场环境中, 坐落在大专院校附近的咖啡店采取诸如积分或会员卡, 和信用卡 公司的战略联盟, 发展套餐菜单或季节菜单和免费咖啡服务这些战略来提高竞争力. 就消极差距而言产品功率也有消极的影响, 这表明较高的负差距会导致较低的再光顾的意愿. 因为还有更多的客户比前几十年, 在这十年里更喜欢咖啡, 新一代的客户, 即学院/大学的学生, 希望除了咖啡还有更重菜单项目. 因此, 咖啡店应当增加配菜项目, 如华夫饼, 糕, 蛋糕, 三明治和沙拉. 例如, 星巴克韩国正在努力加强卖草莓糕, 艾草香味, 南瓜产品, 并提供免费的咖啡或奶油. 总而言之, 咖啡馆应注重提高其经济效率, 品牌和产品功率, 以加强大专院校学生的满意度. 由于店铺毗邻学大专院校可享受地缘优势, 就经济效率, 品牌和产品功率而言提供不同的服务, 很可能会提高客户满意度和回访. 咖啡厅的品牌, 因此, 应不断创新和变化, 以满足顾客的愿望. 由于这项研究只是针对在首尔的大专院校的学生, 需要针对不同地区和年龄组的比较研究来概括本研究的结果和建议.