• 산업식품공학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2019

배추즙을 유산균 배양 배지로 사용하기 위하여 배춧잎을 구연산 3%, 에탄올 7% 혼합용액으로 10분간 교반하여 세척하고 3분간 탈수하여 착즙한 결과, 세척수율은 80.82%, 착즙수율은 79.32%로 전체수율이 64.11% 이었고, 배추즙의 일반세균수가 3.69 log CFU/g으로 2.84 log CFU/g 감소하였고 유산균수가 2.01 log CFU/g으로 2.43 log CFU/g 낮아졌으며, 염도가 0.26%였고, pH가 2.98로 변화하여 상온에서 8일간 보관하면서 pH와 미생물수의 변화가 유의적이지 않아서 유산균 배양용 배지로 적합할 것으로 보인다. 또한 배춧잎은 구연산-에탄올 용액으로 세척하는 것이 구연산-에탄올-소금 용액으로 세척하는 것보다 수율과 미생물 감균효과가 더 높았다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.531-548
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the standardization of kimchi and related products. There are about 339 kinds of kimchi and related products in Korea. Half of those various kimchi was 50% of the total products, and the other groups are in the order of Jangachi (high salted vegetable pickles, Saengchae (a salad type kimchi), Kakduki(reddish kimchi), Keotjulyi(nonfemented kimchi), Pickles, Seobakji (kimchi based on raddish, fish and other ingredients) and Shickgae (lactic fermented fish products). About 200 ingredients (chinese cabbage, raddish, cucumber, other vegetables, fruits, seaweeds, fish, meat etc.) were used for those products. Tongbaechu kimchi (whole headded chinese cabbage kimchi) and Possam kimchi (wraped kimchi with chinese cabbage leaves) were made by about 30 ingredients, respectively. Kakduki, Oyster-kakduki, Chonkak kimchi (kimchi based on small raddish with leaves) and Tongchimi (raddish kimchi with brine soup) were made by raddish and more than 10 ingredients, but the subsidiary ingerdients were less than that of chinese cabbage kimchi. Other products such as Yulmu kimchi and Oisobaki (a cucmber kimchi) were also dicussed.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.688-693
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• 2006

Glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase and are mainly found in cruciferous vegetables such as Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis). lsothiocyanates (ITCs) are glucosinolate degradation products with reported anticarcinogenic properties. Korean Chinese cabbage in the form of 'kimchi' is a staple part of the Korean diet. In this study, we examined the effects of storage temperature and duration on glucosinolate, ITC, soluble sugar, and organic acid levels in kimchi. Changes in pH and the impact of various parts of the Korean Chinese cabbage being used during the preparation of the dish were also assessed. Extracted ITC levels, analyzed via gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), were higher in the midrib parts than in the cabbage leaves after storage at both 4 and $20^{\circ}C$. During storage, organic acid levels increased while soluble sugars were depleted. The pH initially increased (after 1 day at $20^{\circ}C$, and 1 week at $4^{\circ}C$), but subsequently decreased over time at both temperatures. Glucosinolate and ITC levels increased in the beginning of storage but then generally fell during further storage. Our data suggest that acidity-related reduction in myrosinase activity during storage may decrease glucosinolate and ITC levels. The changes in these levels depended on the storage conditions and the Korean Chinese cabbage parts used for the kimchi preparation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.287-291
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• 1998

Brining property and antimutagenic effects of organically cultivaged Chinese cabbage kimchi (OC kimchi) and common Chinese cabbage imchi (CC kimchi) were studied. The salt absorption rate of leaves was faster than that of stems of the Chinese cabbages. Due to the large portion of leaf in organic Chinese cabbage, organic Chinese cabbage(OC) was much faster in terms of salt absorption rate than common Chinese cabbage(CC). The antimutagenic effects of methanol extracts of CC kimchi and OC kimchi were studied against aflatoxin B1(AFB1) using Ames test on Samonella typhimurium TA 100 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) using SOS chromotest. Methanol extract from 6 -day fermented OC kimchi at 15 $^{\circ}C$ showed 80% inhibition rate against the indirect mutage, aflatoxin B1 induced mutagenicit where as that from 6-day fermented CC kimchi at 15 $^{\circ}C$ showed 54% inhibition rate in the Ames test. Methanol extracts from 6-day fermented CC kimchi and OC kimchi showed 27 % and 58 % inhibition rate against direct mutagen , N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced mutagenicity, respectively in SOS chormotest, thus OC kimchi exhibited higher antimutagenic activity than kimchi.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.788-793
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• 1997

Addition of sugar, enzymatic hydrolysis and salt concentration were evaluated for their effects on the changes in some characteristics of Kimchi juice during fermentation. The Kimchi juice was prepared by brining and grinding of outer layer leaves of chinese cabbage, one of the wastes products of Kimchi processing, followed by fermentation proceeded significantly faster. Addition of sucrose or glucose at the ange of 0.5~2.0 % also improved the fermentation but the concentration effect was little. Enzymatic hydrolysis on the brined cabbage prior to fermentation with a commercial polysaccharides hydrolases also increased the fermentation. However the solid concentration in Kimchi juice was rather decreased by higher concentration of NaCl and enzymatic hydrolysis. The reducing sugar content showed a rapid decrease from 24 hours of fermentation and the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis was little.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.189-193
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• 2000

Preservative and antimutagenic effects of green tea leaves added Chinese cabbage kimchi (GK1, GK2, GK3, and GK4 : 1, 2, 3 and 4 of green tea leaves (GTL) in proportion of 100 of salted Chinese cabbage were added to kimchi) were compared to those of the Chinese cabbage kimchi without GTL (control kimchi, CK). Fermentation period of GKs was further delayed than that of CK. The initial pH and acidity between GKs an CK were similar, but the time reach optimally ripened status of kimchi (pH 4.3) was different. CK took 6 days, while GK1, GK2, GK3 and GK4 took 6, 10, 12 and 14 days at 10℃, respectively. The growth of Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacilus sp. in GKs delayed comparing to those in FCK. Among GKs, as the added amount of green tea leaves increased, the growth of lactic acid bacteria was retarded. The antimutagenic effects of juices from GKs and CK were studied against aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) in the Ames test on Salmonella typehimurium TA100 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the SOS chromotest using E. coli PQ37. Juices from optimally ripened GKs (pH 4.3) showed 52∼76% inhibition rates against the indirect mutagen, aflatoxin B₁ induced mutagenicity while 49% inhibition rate by CK in the Ames test. Juices from GKs and CK showed 44∼67% and 36% inhibition rate against direct mutagen, MNNG (70 ng/assay) induce mutagenicity in the SOS chromotest. Thus GKs delayed fermentation period of kimchi and exhibited higher antimutagenic activity than CK.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.598-607
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake, preference, and utilization of kimchi in female high school students. A questionnaire was used as the instrument of investigation. The subjects were 371 female high school students in Chonbuk province. More than 80% of the subjects had eaten 8 kinds of kimchies Korean cabbage kimchi, cubed radish kimchi, radish leaves kimchi, green onion kimchi, salted cucumber, watery radish kimchi, radish root & leaves kimchi, and Korean wild radish kimchi. The subjects living in urban areas ate more stalk of sweet potato kimchi and leaf mustard kimchi, however the subjects living in rural areas ate more sedum kimchi. The subjects in large families ate more leaf mustard kimchi and sedum kimchi. The preferred kinds of kimchi were radish kimchi, Korean cabbage kimchi, cubed radish kimchi, and cucumber radish kimchi. Seventy-four point four percent of the subjects liked kimchi, whereas 1.6% of them disliked it. The reason eating kimchi was 'custom'(59.0%), 'taste'(30.7%), 'nutrition'(4.3%), 'traditional flod'(2.7%), and 'parents advice'(2.7%). 38.4% of the subjects in urban area ate kimchi for taste whereas 25.0% of them in rural area did. They prefefrred 'well fermented', 'hot', and 'very pungent' kimchi. The preferred dishes made with kimchi were stir-fried rice with kimchi, kimchi stew, pan-fried kimchi, and rice with bean sprouts & kimchi.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake and preference of Kimchi in middle school students. A questionnaire was used as the instrument of investigation. The subjects were 375 male and 278 female students in Masan and Changwon City. The main results of this study are as follows. Fifty-nine point seven percent of the subjects liked Kimchi, whereas 3.7% of them disliked it, and the main reason liking Kimchi was 'hot taste' of Kimchi. Korean cabbage Kimchi and cubed radish Kimchi were highly preferred. And the preferred dishes made with Kimchi were stir-fried rice with Kimchi, Kimchi stew, pan-fried Kimch, seaweed rice with Kimch, Kimch pancake, Mandu with Kimchi, pork stew with Kimch. More than 90% of the subjects had eaten 6 kinds of Kimchi : Korean cabbage Kimchi, cubed radish Kimchi, radish leaves Kimchi, radish root & leaves Kimchi, watery radish Kimchi, white Kimchi. The frequency of Kimchi intake was 55.1% of the subjects ate Kimchi in every meal time, and 21.9% ate 2 times in a day. They preferred 'well fermented' and 'freshly prepared' Kimchi, and it was significantly difference between gender, male students more liked 'freshly prepared', whereas female students more liked 'well fermented' Kimchi(p<0.01).

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2003

통배추 김치제조의 표준화 연구를 위해 소금농도와 절임방법을 달리한 후 소금함량과 조직감의 변화를 분석하였다. 1. 관능검사 결과 건염법에서 소금농도가 증가할수록 견고성과 아삭아삭함은 감소하고, 씹힘성은 증가하였다. 2. 줄기와 잎의 소금농도에서 염수법(16%B)은배추줄기와 잎의 농도 차가 크게 나타났고, 이는 상관관계 분석결과에서도 16%B에서만 음의 상관성을 나타내므로써 확인할 수 있었다. 3. 기계적 분석의 결과는 소금농도가 증가할수록 압착력은 감소하고, 절단력은 증가하였다. 그리고 압착력에 비해 절단력이 소금농도에 더 예민하게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 4. 현미경 관찰에 의한 세포벽의 미세구조는 소금농도에 따라 점차적으로 변형되는 반면, 유관속계는 일정 소금농도에서 완전히 붕괴되었다. 5. 배추의 소금농도와 상관성인 큰 변수로는 아삭아삭함과 절단력이 유의성 있는 결과를 보였다. 또한 절임배추에 있어서 절단력의 증가는 아삭아삭함과 상관성을 나타내었다. 결과적으로 16%B와 10%S에서 소금농도와 관능적, 기계적 측정결과가 유사하였으며, 소금농도와 질감의 변화를 고려하였을 때 10%S와 12%S가 가장 적당하였다. 또한 배추의 절임 정도를 예민하게 판정하는 지표로는 아삭아삭함과 절단력으로 나타났다. 그러므로 소규모의 김치제조시 염수법보다 건염법을 이용하면 소금의 양을 절약하고 절임시간을 단축할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 줄기와 잎이 고르게 절여지므로 균일한 맛의 김치를 제조할 수 있다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.939-944
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• 2016

배추의 녹색 겉잎을 이용한 우거지 원료 제조를 위해서는 blanching 조건의 확립이 중요하다. 당해 수확한 생배추의 녹색 잎 부분을 채취하여 $4{\times}4cm$ 로 절단하고 80, 90, $100^{\circ}C$에서 각각 1, 3, 5분간 blanching 하여 우거지를 제조하고, 우거지의 중량감소율, pH, 경도 및 관능검사를 실시하여 고품질 우거지 원료 확보를 위한 전처리 조건을 조사하였다. 또한 우거지의 품질이 우수한 blanching 조건을 적용하여 우거지를 함유한 냉동즉석국을 제조한 후 시판제품과 관능평가를 통한 비교를 실시하였다. Blanching 처리에 따른 중량감소율은 blanching 온도가 높고 시간이 길어질수록 증가하였다. 또한 중량감소가 큰 경우 pH의 변화 또한 크게 나타나 blanching을 통한 배추 세포 조직의 변화를 통한 내부성분의 용출 등이 있었음을 예측할 수 있었다. Blanching 온도 및 시간의 증가에 따라 경도(hardness)는 감소하였으며, 생배추의 경도인 $1.5kg{\cdot}force$에 비해 3분간의 blanching 처리 시 18.7~21.7%, 5분 처리 시 34.8~36.7% 수준이었다. 우거지 활용 제품의 경우 부드러운 식감이 장점으로 작용하기 때문에 경도의 변화가 크게 나타나는 3, 5분 처리구 및 90, $100^{\circ}C$ 처리를 통한 blanching 처리가 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. Blanching 처리에 따른 우거지의 관능검사 결과에서도 경도가 낮으며 질기지 않은 $100^{\circ}C$, 3분 처리구가 관능적 조직감에 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 조건을 적용한 우거지를 함유한 냉동 즉석국의 우거지 식감 및 외관은 3.3과 3.7로 나타나 시판제품에 비해 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.