• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.70-75
• /
• 2008

The Chinese cabbage kimchi, baechoo-kimchi, is the most popular type of kimchi in Korea. This study was performed to investigate the changes of index microorganisms (aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophilic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli), lactic acid bacteria, pH, and acidity of kimchi during the long-term fermentation and ripening. A homemade-style traditional Korean baechoo-kimchi, was prepared from Chinese cabbage, red pepper, green onion, garlic, ginger, and salt-fermented anchovy sauce, and then incubated at $10^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. In the baechoo-kimchi, the number of aerobic bacteria increased with time. The number of psychrotrophilic bacteria maintained their numbers $(10^4CFU/g)$ in the kimchi during the fermentation. Coliforms and E. coli were not detected in the kimchi. The pH of kimchi decreased and the acidity of kimchi increased over time. Lactic acid bacteria, which are representative of fermentative microorganisms in the kimchi process showed rapid growth in the earlier stage of fermentation and increased steadily after 7 days. The counts of lactic acid bacteria were at a level of $10^4CFU/g$ early in the fermentation stage, reaching a level of $10^8CFU/g$ after 14 days, and at this point pH was 4.18 and acidity reached 0.63, indicating that the optimal state of kimchi fermentation. This study suggests that the lactic acid bacteria which were proliferated in kimchi during the ripening and fermentation could contribute to improving the taste and flavor of kimchi and inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms that might exist in kimchi.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.431-437
• /
• 2006

Aero-tolerant microorganisms were isolated from healthy Koreans over the age of 95 years. The microorganisms were then identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences. The growth properties of the isolated strains were investigated in kimchi. The characteristics of kimchi containing the microorganisms were studied microscopically, physicochemically, and organoleptically. Among 7 aero-tolerant strains, a strain with a 16S rDNA sequence exhibiting 99% homology with Bifidobacterim animalis strain B83 was selected and named B. animalis DY-64. The new strain showed a better acid resistance and salt resistance (p<0.05) than B. animalis ATCC 25527. After 15 days of fermentation in kimchi, the viability of B. animalis DY-64 was about 10%, and the kimchi had a better overall edible quality than conventional kimchi. Thus, it was found that the application of B. animalis DY-64 to kimchi preparation produced a good overall edible quality.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.37-40
• /
• 1996

Kinchi is and important source of various vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, organic acids and other nutrients. In order to get a basic information for developing vitamins-rich funtional kimchi, we investigated microorganisms which are capable of synthesis of vitamin C in Kimchi system. Microorganisms isolated from aliquots of kimchi were screened and cultured by using MRS or nutrient agar medium. L-Ascorbic acid produced by microorganism in medium was measured with high performance liquid chromatography. As the result, we isolated two bacteria strins N7 and N5202 preducing L-ascorbic acid from the kimchi system. Morphological and Gram staining experiment showed that N7 was Gram positive bacilli, while N5202 was Gram negative. There were also several bacteria that were considered to synthesizs erythorbic acid which is an analog of ascorbic acid. These results suggested that vitamin C-rich functional food could be developed by using the kimchi microorganisms.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2005

This study was undertaken to investigate the changes of index microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria of traditional Korean fermented vegetables (kimchi) during the ripening and fermentation period. A type of kimchi, baechoo-kimchi, was prepared and stored at $10^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. The numbers of the total aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli in the kimchi and also in raw materials of the kimchi (Chinese cabbage, green onion, ginger, garlic, and red pepper) were counted using appropriate media. The highest number of aerobic bacteria was detected from ginger, then red pepper, then garlic, then Chinese cabbage, and lowest number from green onion. The highest number of psychrotrophilic bacteria was detected from red pepper, then Chinese cabbage, then garlic, then ginger, and the lowest number from green onion. Coliforms and E. coli were not detected from all of the raw materials of kimchi. Total aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria of the kimchi showed gradually increasing during ripening and fermentation. The number of psychrotrophilic bacteria showed a similar level in the kimchi. Coliform bacteria were detected at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th day of the kimchi fermentation period, although they were not detected from the raw materials of the kimchi. However, the bacteria were not detected in the kimchi after 6 days. E. coli was not detected in all kimchi samples. The pH value of the kimchi gradually decreased, and acidity increased over fermentation period. This study indicates that there was contamination of coliform bacteria during the process of kimchi preparation, and lactic acid bacteria proliferated in the kimchi during fermentation inhibited the growth of coliforms. More research is needed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of each raw materials of kimchi.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.420-427
• /
• 1995

저분자 chitosan이 김치의 보존성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 분자량이 다른 4종류의 저분자 chitosan을 양념을 첨가하지 않은 배추김치의 모델 시스템(소금 농도 2%)에 0.5%씩 첨가하고 $20^{\circ}C$에서 발효시키면서 김치의 특성 변화를 살펴보았다. 동일 발효기간내에서 대조군이 chitosan 첨가군들에 비해 pH는 낮고 총산함량은 높았으며 환원당 함량은 발효 6일까지 대조군이 chitosan 첨가군들에 비해 더 낮은 경향이었다. 유기산 중 malic acid 함량은 발효 4일까지 대조군이 chitosan 첨가군들에 비해 낮은 경향을 보였으며, succinic acid 함량은 발효 2일째에 그리고 lactic acid와 acetic acid 함량은 발효 4일째에 대조군이 chitosan 첨가군들에 비해 높은 경향을 나타냈을 뿐 나머지 발효기간에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 propionic acid 함량은 발효 6일 이후에 미량으로 나타났으며, 대조군이 chitosan 첨가군들에 비해 높은 경향을 보여주었다. 총균수, Leuconostoc속 미생물 수, Lactobacillus plantarum의 수는 전 발효기간 동안 대조군이 chitosan 첨가군들에 비해 더 많았으며 특히 chitosan 첨가군들은 대조군과 비교했을때 Leuconostoc속 미생물보다 산패균인 Lactobacillus plantarum의 생육을 훨씬 크게 억제시켰다. Leuconostoc속 미생물 수에 있어서 분자량이 적은 chitosan 첨가군들이 분자량이 큰 chitosan 첨가군들에 비해 적은 경향이었으며 Lactobacillus plantarum의 수는 chitosan 첨가군들간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 관능검사로 조사한 신맛과 군덕내는 대조군이 chitosan 첨가군들에 비해 강했으며, 경도는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 대조군이 더 약하게 평가되었다. 또한 이취는 전 실험군에서 모두 약하게 평가되어 이취는 chitosan에 의해 큰 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.559-568
• /
• 2015

Kimchi is a traditional Korean vegetable product that is naturally fermented by various microorganisms present in the raw materials. Among these microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria dominate the fermentation process. Natural fermentation with unsterilized raw materials leads to the growth of various lactic acid bacteria, resulting in variations in the taste and quality of kimchi, which may make it difficult to produce industrial-scale kimchi with consistent quality. The use of starter cultures has been considered as an alternative for the industrial production of standardized kimchi, and recent trends suggest that the demand for starter cultures is on the rise. However, several factors should be carefully considered for the successful application of starter cultures for kimchi fermentation. In this review, we summarize recent studies on kimchi starter cultures, describe practical problems in the application of industrial-scale kimchi production, and discuss the directions for further studies.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.61-69
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various kinds of commercial salts, including sun-dried (Korea), purified, and traditional salts on the chemical and sensory properties and growth of microorganisms involved in kimchi fermentation. Kimchi was prepared by salting in 10% NaCl solution for 2 hours followed by addition of other spices and fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$. The decreases in pH suggested that kimchi fermentation can be classified into 3 steps: initial, intermediate, and final stages. In texture analysis, the hardness and fracturability of traditional salt kimchi were higher than those of regular kimchi. From the sensory evaluation test for kimchi, sensory scores were high for traditional salt addition, especially taste, overall preference and texture. Among various microorganisms related to kimchi fermentation, the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pichia membranaefaciens and Escherichia coli were examined. Based on the conditions of kimchi fermentation, a 2% and 5% concentration of each salt were studied. Also, the conditions of the cultures at $37^{\circ}C$ were examined. There was no considerable difference in the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia coli in the different kinds of salts. However, the growth of Pichia membranaefaciens was strongly inhibited by a 5% concentration of traditional salt during incubation at $37^{\circ}C$.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 1998

The effects of the water extracts from thyme(TM) and tarragon(TG) on shelf-life and quality of kimchi were investigated by measuring the changes in pH, acidity, number of total microorganisms, number of Lactobacillii and Leuconostoc during fermentation at 1$0^{\circ}C$, and were tested for antimicrobial activities against Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. TM and TG were extracted with water, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Water, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of TM showed antimicrobial activities against Lactobacillus plantarum and did not observed against Leuconostoc mesenteroides. On the other hand, water, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of TG showed antimicrobial activities against Leuconostoc mesenteroides and did not observed against Lactobacillus plantarum. The decrease of pH and the increase of acidity showed lower in kimchi prepared by adding water extracts from TM than in products from TG. The number of total microorganisms were also detected less in the kimchi prepared by adding water extracts from TM. And, the properties of barkless of kimchi measured instrumentally were higher for kimchi prepared by adding water extracts from TM, also maintaining good crispness. The optimal addition amounts of both TM and TG for good overall and spicy taste of kimchi were 0.03%. The results suggested the possible use of the extracts of TM and TG can be successfully used for the quality and extension of shelf-life of kimchi.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.1275-1280
• /
• 1997

차엽카테킨을 김치 천연보존제로서의 이용가능성을 검토하기 위하여 차엽에서 분말형태로 차엽카테킨을 조제하였다. 이 차엽카테킨을 김치산패에 관여하는 미생물인 St. feacalis, Leuc. mesenteroides, L. plantarum, L. brevis, P. cerevisiae와 Sachh. cerevisiae를 대상으로 항미생물 활성을 검정한 결과, Leuc. mesenteroides, L. plantarum, P. cerevisiae에 대해서는 2 mg/mL 첨가수준, St. faecalis는 4 mg/mL 첨가수준, L. brevis는 5 mg/mL 첨가수준에서부터 균의 생육이 억제되기 시작하였으나 Sacch. cerevisiae에 대한 생육억제효과는 낮았다. 차엽카테킨을 배추김치와 물김치에 첨가시기와 첨가수준을 달리하여 첨가하여 숙성중의 pH 및 산도의 변화를 측정한 결과, 두종의 김치 모두 2 mg/g 첨가수준 이상에서 pH저하와 산도증가가 억제되어, 김치의 천연보존제 및 산패억제제로서 차엽카테킨의 이용가능성이 시사되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.1057-1062
• /
• 2016

Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented vegetable food, the production of which involves brining of Korean cabbage, blending with various other ingredients (red pepper powder, garlic, ginger, salt-pickled seafood, etc.), and fermentation. Recently, kimchi has also become popular in the Western world because of its unique taste and beneficial properties such as antioxidant and antimutagenic activities, which are derived from the various raw materials and secondary metabolites of the fermentative microorganisms used during production. Despite these useful activities, analysis of the microbial community present in kimchi has received relatively little attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial community structure from the raw materials, additives, and final kimchi product using the culture-independent method. Specifically, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to analyze the 16S rRNA partial sequences of the microflora. One primer set for bacteria, 341F^GC-518R, reliably produced amplicons from kimchi and its raw materials, and these bands were clearly separated on a 35-65% denaturing gradient gel. Overall, 117 16S rRNA fragments were identified by PCR-DGGE analysis. Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc gelidum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were the dominant bacteria in kimchi. The other strains identified were Tetragenococcus, Pseudomonas, Weissella, and uncultured bacterium. Comprehensive analysis of these microorganisms could provide a more detailed understanding of the biologically active components of kimchi and help improve its quality. PCR-DGGE analysis can be successfully applied to a fermented food to detect unculturable or other species.