• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2021

Purpose: Digital communication is becoming increasingly important in clinical practice and research. The finding that stool consistency can be evaluated similarly using either "in vivo" or photographic material by health care professionals will decrease subjective interpretation by parents. The primary outcome of this study was the reliability of stool consistency scoring using the Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale (BITSS) between fresh stools and their photos; the secondary outcome was the inter-rater reliability based on the fresh stools. Methods: Fresh stool samples from healthy children were collected in a day care center. These stools, and one month later the corresponding photos presented in a random order, were presented to 14 observers. Reliabilities were analyzed using absolute agreements and weighted and unweighted Cohen's κ. Results: In total, 202 samples were rated 576 times. Absolute agreement between photographic and real time assessment ranged between 71.1% and 83.3% among observers. This corresponded with substantial agreement (unweighted κ=0.70 [95% CI, 0.61-0.78]; weighted κ=0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.88]). The inter-observer agreement showed similar percentages of absolute agreement (81.4-82.0%) and κ-values corresponding with fair-to-moderate agreement. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the assessment of fresh stool consistency can also reliably be done on photographic material when using the BITSS. This opens opportunities in scientific surroundings and in our daily life communication with parents and caretakers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 2018

In this paper, a detection and warning system is proposed for the remaining kids in a school bus. For detecting the remaining kids, an ultrasonic sensor is used. The basic experiments of the ultrasonic sensor are performed, and a modified ultrasonic sensor is proposed. Also, the appropriate location of the ultrasonic sensor is proposed by considering various sitting positions. Based on the above kid detection system, a warning algorithm is designed. Using the above detection and warning system, experiments are performed. From the experimental results, it is found that the proposed system, based on the modified ultrasonic sensor, can detect the remaining kids in a school bus. The proposed system can also give an appropriate warning signal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1386-1392
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• 2011

The aim of the present work was to study the effects of a polyherbal supplement on cross bred does, starting from the last month of pregnancy to weaning, on milk yield, kid birth weight and growth rate. Thirty does were divided into three treatments of ten each in individual pens: low level supplementation (LS), high level supplementation (HS) and non-supplemented treatment (NS) as control. Low supplemented goats were given 125 mg/kg BW/d of polyherbal combination; high supplemented goats were given 250 mg/kg BW/d. The study was carried out in 2008. Fifty-nine kids were born from all the experimental animals. There was no difference on milk yield between supplemented groups and control (p>0.05), although polyherbal supplementation had positive effect on litter birth weight and growth rate compared to control. Weaning weights were higher (p<0.001) in LS and HS compared to NS does. In both supplemented treatments compared to control, mortalities and morbidities were also lower in kids born. It is concluded that pre-partum to weaning supplementation increases kids growth rates and weaning weights, as well as reduces kid mortalities, but it doesn't have significant effect on milk production.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-121
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• 2019

The diagnosis and management of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) and GER disease (GERD) in infants and children remains a challenge. Published guidelines and position papers, along with Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Database were reviewed and summarized with the intent to propose a practical approach and management of GER and GERD for healthcare providers and to standardize and improve the quality of care for infants and children. For this purpose, 2 algorithms were developed, 1 for infants <12 months of age and the other for older children. None of the signs and symptoms of GER and GERD are specific and there is no gold standard diagnostic test or tool. Nutritional management is recommended as a first-line approach in infants, while in children, a therapeutic trial with antacid medication is advised for early management. The practical recommendations from this review are intended to optimize the management of GER in infants and older children and reduce the number of investigations and inappropriate use of medication.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.245-255
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• 2021

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality that occurs mainly in premature born infants. The pathophysiologic mechanisms indicate that gastrointestinal dysbiosis is a major risk factor. We searched for relevant articles published in PubMed and Google Scholar in the English language up to October 2020. Articles were extracted using subject headings and keywords of interest to the topic. Interesting references in included articles were also considered. Network meta-analysis suggests the preventive efficacy of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp., but even more for mixtures of Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus spp. However, studies comparing face-to-face different strains are lacking. Moreover, differences in inclusion criteria, dosage strains, and primary outcomes in most trials are major obstacles to providing evidence-based conclusions. Although adverse effects have not been reported in clinical trials, case series of adverse outcomes, mainly septicemia, have been published. Consequently, systematic administration of probiotic bacteria to prevent NEC is still debated in literature. The risk-benefit ratio depends on the incidence of NEC in a neonatal intensive care unit, and evidence has shown that preventive measures excluding probiotic administration can result in a decrease in NEC.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2021

Purpose: Ménétrier disease (MD) was first described in 1888, and 50 cases have been reported until now. We aimed to discuss the etiology, diagnostics, and management of MD in children. Methods: We searched for case reports published from 2014 till 2019 in English using PubMed. Articles were selected using subject headings and key words of interest to the topic. Interesting references of the included articles were also included. Results: The pathophysiology of MD is still uncertain. However, overexpression of transforming growth factor alpha with transformation of the gastric mucosa has been observed, which may be mediated by genetics and provoked by an infectious trigger. Clinically, MD is diagnosed by abdominal pain, vomiting, anorexia, and edema secondary to hypoalbuminemia. A gastroscopy with biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of MD. In children, the disease is self-limiting and only requires supportive treatment. In general, children have a good prognosis and recover spontaneously within a few weeks. Conclusion: Few pediatric cases of MD have been described in recent years, and with all different etiology. Endoscopy with biopsy remains the golden standard for the diagnosis of MD, and in children, the disease is self-limiting.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2022

Purpose: Hydrogen-methane breath tests are used to diagnose carbohydrate malabsorption and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the modification of procedures as breath tests are potentially aerosol-generating procedures. We assessed the effect of delayed analysis of breath samples, facilitating the at-home performance of breath testing. Methods: Children provided two breath samples at every step of the lactose breath test. The samples were brought back to the clinic, and one set of samples was analyzed immediately. The second set was stored at room temperature and analyzed 1-4 days later. Results: Out of the 73 "double" lactose breath tests performed at home, 33 (45.8%) were positive. The second samples were analyzed 20 to 117 hours after the first samples (41.7±24.3 hours). There was no significant difference in the hydrogen concentration between the first and second sets (Z=0.49, p=0.62). This was not the case for methane, which had a significantly higher concentration in the second breath samples (Z=7.6). Conclusion: Expired hydrogen levels remain stable in plastic syringes if preserved at room temperature for several days. On the other hand, the delayed analysis of methane appeared to be less reliable. Further research is needed to examine the impact of delayed analysis on methane and hydrogen concentrations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2002

Ninety pre-puberal (6-7 months) female and 15 pre-puberal male Black Bengal goats were collected on the basis of their phenotypic characteristics from different parts of Bangladesh. Goats were reared under semi-intensive management, in permanent house. The animals were vaccinated against Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), drenched with anthelmentics and deeped in 0.5% Melathion solution. They were allowed to graze 6-7 h along with supplemental concentrate and green forages. Concentrates were supplied either 200-300 g/d (low level feeding) or quantity that supply NRC (1981) recommended nutrient (high level of feeding). Different physiological, productive and reproductive characteristics of the breed were recorded. At noon (temperature=$95^{\circ}F$ and light intensity=60480 LUX) rectal temperature and respiration rate of adult male and female increased from 100.8 to $104.8^{\circ}F$ and 35 to 115 breath/min, indicated a heat stress situation. Young female attain puberty at an average age and weight of 7.2$\pm$0.18 months and 8.89$\pm$0.33 kg respectively. Mean age and weight at 1st kidding were 13.5$\pm$0.49 months and 15.3$\pm$0.44 kg respectively. It required 1.24-1.68 services per conception with an average gestation length of 146 days. At low level of feeding the postpartum estrus interval was 37$\pm$2.6 days, which reduced (p<0.05) with high feeding level to 21$\pm$6.9 days. Kidding interval also reduced (p<0.05) from 192 d at low feeding level to 177 d at high feeding level. On an average there were two kiddings/doe/year. Average litter sizes in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th parity were 1.29, 1.71, 1.87 and 2.17 respectively. Birth weights of male and female kids were 1.24 and 1.20 kg respectively, which increased (p<0.05) with better feeding. Although kid mortality was affected (p<0.05) by dam's weight at kidding, birth weight of kid, milk yield of dam, parity of kidding, season of birth, but pre-netal dam's nutrition found to be the most important factor. Kid mortality reduced from 35% at low level of feeding to 6.5% at high level of feeding of dam during gestation. Apparently, this was due to high (p<0.05) average daily milk yield (334 vs. 556 g/d) and heavier and stronger kid at birth at high feeding level.

• 공원문화
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• s.8
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• pp.32-36
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• 1978

• Korean Architects
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• s.475
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• pp.58-61
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• 2008