• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.851-859
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• 2014

The present study was designed to investigate whether ethanol extracts of Sophora flavescens (GS), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GC), Dictamnus dasycarpus (BSP), and their mixtures (GGB-1, -2, -3, and -4) inhibit 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in a mouse model. DNCB was topically applied on the dorsal surface of Balb/c mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. The pathological phenotypes of AD, such as erythema, ear thickness, edema, scabs, and discharge, were significantly decreased in the GGB (DNCB + GS:GC:BSP = 3:1:1 mixture)-1-treated groups compared with the other treated groups. The weight of the spleen in immune organs was significantly decreased in the GGB-1-treated groups, whereas the weight of the liver in a control group was similar to that of the groups treated with the samples. Furthermore, toluidine blue staining analysis, a method used to specifically identify mast cells, showed that master cell infiltration into the dermis of the GGB-1-treated group was significantly decreased. The immunoglobulin E concentration was lower in the GGB-1-treated group. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-${\gamma}$, interleukin-1, 4, 5, 6, and 13, $1{\beta}$, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) were also significantly reduced in the GGB-1-treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that a mixture of GS, GC, and BSP in a proportion of 3:1:1 (GGB-1) may contribute to the relief of AD symptoms and may be considered an excellent candidate for an AD therapeutic drug.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 1984

It was aimed to study the effects of ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ agonists on the sleeping time in $one{\sim}two-day-old$ chickens. Furthermore, it was also evaluated whether ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$ agonist and antagonist might affect the sleeping in the chickens and discussed in relation with opiate receptor. 1) Guanabenz, clonidine, guanfacine and B-HT 933 decreased the latency of the loss of righting reflex in a dose-dependent manner, but B-HT 920 and oxymetazoline slightly prolonged it. 2) ${\alpha}_2-Adrenoceptor$ agonists produced dose·related increase in sleeping time. The potency was guanabenz>clonidine>oxymetazoline${\geq}$B-HT 933${\geq}$B-HT 920>guanfacine in this order. 3) ${\alpha}_2-Adrenoceptor$ antagonists decreased guanabenz-induced sleeping time in a dose ·dependent manner. The rank order of ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ antagonists was yohimbine>rauwolscine>piperoxan${\geq}$RX 781094. 4) Sleeping time caused by both ethanol and hexobarbital was not affected by yohimbine in chickens. 5) Methoxamine and phenylephrine showed little significant effect on the guanabenz-induced sleeping time. However, prazosin increased it. Paradoxically, corynanthine rather caused to decrease it. These results suggest that the stimulation of central ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ mediates sleeping, however it is remained uncertain in the role of central ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$ in chickens. In addition, the one~two-day-old chickens may be considered as a useful, inexpensive and simple experimental model to evaluate the in vivo pharmacological action of the ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ agonist and antagonist related to sedation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.442-450
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• 2011

Numerous studies have suggested that dietary flavonoids contribute to prevent cardiovascular disease. Onion contains many functional phytochemicals such as quercetin. The aim of this study was to examine whether onion peel extracts supplementation affect blood lipid profiles and blood coagulation in animal model. Total 48 Sprague-Dawley male rats at 5 weeks old were divided into 6 groups with different diets(C: control, HF: high fat diet, HFOE 0.01%: high fat+onion peel extract 0.01% diet, HFOE 0.02%, HFOE 0.05%, HFOE 0.1%) for 8 weeks. Onion peel extract supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of LDL-cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol, while total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not affected. Hematological parameters(hematocrit, white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet count) and blood coagulation parameters(prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen) were not significantly different among 6 groups. However, activated partial thromboplastin time of HFOE 0.05% group was significantly longer than that of HF group. These results indicate that onion peel extract supplementation displays hypocholestrolemic effects but does not seem to have anti-coagulation effects in high fat fed SD rats.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.308-319
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• 2003

Mechanical forces are known to have an effect on bone formation, maintenance and remodeling, and there is evidence that the development of the mandibular condyle in the rat or mouse is influenced by altered functional force. However, studies are lacking in molecular-biologic mechanism such as the identification of differentiation factor induced from functional force. Here a mouse model was used to investigate the functional stress-responsive gene or factors which is related to the altered force by comparing the expression genes of functional state and hypo-functional state of the mouse mandible. ICR mice were provisioned with either a soft, mushy diet (soft-diet group) or hard rat pellets (hard-diet group) beginning at weaning for the alteration of functional force and subsequently sacrificed at 89 days of age. Incisor of mice in group 1 were trimmed twice a week to reduce occlusal forces. After killing the animals, mandibular bone including condyle were collected for RNA extraction, subtractive hybridization, northern blot analysis and mRNA in-situ hybridization. The results as follows; 1. A total of 39 clones were sequenced, and 11 individual sequence types were subsequently identified by subtractive hybridization, as 28 clones were represented twice in the analyzed sets. 2. Consequently four candidate clones, FS-s (functional stress-specific)2, -5, -18, and -22 were identified and characterized by homolgy search and northern analysis. Four of these clones, FS-s2, -5, -18, and -22, were shown to be expressed differentially in the hard-diet group. 3. Histologic sections showed that osteoblastic activity along the bone trabeculae and active bone remodeling were significantly lower in soft than in hard diet animals. A soft diet seems to enable a longer period of endochondral ossification in the mandibular condyle. 4. Although the mRNAs of FS-s2, -5, -18, and -22 were expressed rarely by cells of the soft-diet group, highest expression was detected in the cells of the hard-diet group. Together with the above results, it is suggested that FS-s2, -5, -18, and -22 could act as an important factors controlling the tissue changes in response to functional stress. The exact functional significance of these findings remains to be established.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.629-635
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• 2002

This study was performed to develop low-fat comminuted sausages (LFSs, < 3%) manufactured with 1% single (Konjac flour, KF; kappa-carrageenan, k-CN and Locust bean gum, LBG) or mixed hydrocolloids and to select the best combination which had similar textural characteristics to those with regular-fat (~25% fat) control. In experiment 1, LFSs were formulated with each 1% hydrocolloid, smoked and cooked to an internal temperature of 71.7$^{\circ}C$. The pH range of LFSs was 6.29 to 6.34 and approximately 23~24% of fat was removed in the final products, resulting in the higher moisture and protein contents (%) in LFSs, as compared to regular-fat control. No differences (p>0.05) in cooking loss (CL, %), expressible moisture (EM, %), and hunter color values (L, a, b) were observed with the addition of each 1% hydrocolloid. However, LFSs containing 1% k-CN had textural hardness values similar to those with low-/regular-fat controls, whereas LFSs having either KF or LBG had similar cohesiveness values to those with regular-fat counterpart. Tn experiment 2, two or three mixed hydrocolloids were added to the low-fat sausage formulation. The addition of mixed KF+LBG (KLL) and KF+CN+LBG(KCL) reduced EM and textural hardness values, as compared to low-fat control. Among the treatments, LFSs containing two or three combinations of CN with KF or/and LBG had similar textural characteristics to those with regular-fat control. These results suggested that multiple addition of CN with other hydrocolloids (KF or LBG) for the replacement of fats in LFSs would be recommended for the proper functional and textural properties.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.697-708
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• 1999

Background : Leukotriene (LT) $C_4$, $D_4$, and $E_4$, the main components of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), have been suggested to play an important role in bronchial asthma such as antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, airway hyperreactivity, and pulmonary eosinophil accumulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with the cysteinyl-LTs (cys-LTs) antagonist, pranlukast on allergen-induced guinea pig asthma model. Methods : Guinea pigs of treatment and placebo groups were sensitized by subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin(OVA) and challenged by inhalation of aerosolized OVA (1% weight/volume OVA). Normal control group did not sensitize with OVA. Oral ingestion of pranlukast and normal saline to the treatment and placebo groups was performed. In the treatment and placebo groups, airway resistance was measured before and after oral ingestion. Serum $LTC_4$ and eosinophilic infiltration of the bronchiolar and peribronchiolar tissues were measured after ingestion in the treatment and placebo groups. Results : Allergen-induced airway constriction developed in 20 (8 in treatment group, 12 in placebo group) among 35 guinea pigs. Airway resistance was significantly decreased at 3 and 6 minutes after OVA challenge in the pranlukast treatment group. In the placebo group, there was no difference of airway resistance between before and after saline ingestion. Serum $LTC_4$ levels showed 348.4 pg/ml in the treatment group, 373.9 pg/ml in the placebo group, and 364.4 pg/ml in the control group. There were no statistically significant difference between treatment and placebo group (p=0.232), and treatment and control group (p=0.501). Eosinophilic infiltrations in the peribronchiolar region per one-microscopic field ($\times$400 high power fields) demonstrated 7.06 in the treatment group, 19.2 in the placebo group, and 4.50 in the control group. There was significant decrement of eosinophilic infiltration in the treatment group which was compared with placebo group (p=0.001). Conclusion : These results demonstrate that pranlukast, a cys-LTs receptor antagonist, can attenuate allergen induced early-phase bronchoconstriction and eosinophilic infiltration in the bronchiolar tissues.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 1986

This study was aimed at investigating the health seeking behaviors of patients; For the purpose of analyzing the research theme we classified the study into two phase. First, the types of patients' health seeking behavior were categorized into a scheme according to what medical care resources were utilized in patients' coping process. Second, from patients' first visits to third visits to medical resources, we analyzed variations of factors which noted as crucial elements in constituting the patients' sickness career. To grasp the generalized characteristics from complicated empirical data, we limited the scope of our analysis to third stage of health seeking. A total of 121 persons who had beer suffering from chronic diseases more than 3 months was sampled among the residents of Banwol-Eup, the target Area of Korea University Health Project. The findings are as follows ; 1) In the course of visiting medical care resources, 34 different types of health seeking Behavior were found. From this result we inferred the idea that patients in Banwol-Eup had not any stable norms to cope with their pains. Clinics, hospital, pharmacy, Herb-doctors', folkways (self-treatment) were accessed by patients in orders. But more than half of patients who had utilized clinics or hospitals from their first to third visits, changed medical care resources to others, for example herb doctors or folkways, which had fundamentally different treatment models. Upon these two facts, the diversified types and capricious patterns in the health seeking behavior of Banwol patients, we observed a typical Shopping-Around phenomenon. 2) Factors which influenced patients' to their sickness career were changed along the courses of health seeking, from first to third visits as follows ; $\cdot$ Perceived seriousness of diseases were tended to decrease. $\cdot$ Professional medical personnel tended to be influencial in the patients' sickness career, (5.0%, 25.0% and 65.7%). The influence of the primary interaction groups such as parents, friends, neighbours, tended to decrease ; (90.9%, 71.2% and 30.0%). $\cdot$ The subjective reasons why to choose such a medical care resource were related to economic affordability and disease-itself as main motives. Credibility of health resources tended to increase 14.9%, 24.0% and 31.4 sequently. $\cdot$ Geographic accessibility factors did not change significantly. Most of patients had utilized health resources in Banwol and Anyang area. 3) Cultural inclination in the shopping-around phenomenon has shown difference among age groups. The age group' over 50 years' preferred traditional health resources to modern health resources. 4) Consistency of health seeking behavior on the shopping around phenomenon has shown difference according to the degrees of patients' economic affordability and those of psychological satisfaction toward modern health services. However, there were some restrictions in this thesis ; a) the study was limited to the 3rd health seeking career so it did not allow us to collect more informations after that, b) the study was not able to carry out causal analysis on patients health behavior determinated by explanatory model of health resources, and c) the study was not able to take into consideration of factors connected with social structural circumstances. Despite of restrictions described above, we are sure that this thesis would promote health providers' understanding toward patients' inclinations, through which they could provide efficient and accurate medical service.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.27-39
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• 2009

Compulsive consumption is regarded as a global phenomenon that can adversely affect consumer well-being. Although the topic has been studied in different cultural settings, we have seen relatively little theory development and explanations of compulsive behavior Nearly all previous empirical studies attempt to explain this behavior by correlating measures of compulsive behavior with independent variables taken within the same time frame. However, recent developments in social sciences suggest that such a phenomenon may best understood in the context of the person's earlier-in-life experiences. Using the life course paradigm as an overarching framework, the present research extends previous work on this topic. Following hypotheses were drawn from literature review: H1: The earlier in childhood and adolescence a person experiences family dislocation, the greater his or her likelihood of exhibiting compulsive behaviors in adulthood. H2: The earlier in life the young person experienced family dislocation, the greater the number of family disruption events the young person experienced prior entering adulthood years. H3: Family dislocation leads to (a) increased frequency of socio.oriented family communications and (b) decreased frequency of concept-oriented family communication. H4: Young adults who were raised in families characterized by a strong socio-oriented communication structure are more likely to exhibit compulsive consumption tendencies than those who were raised in families characterized by a weak socio-oriented family communication structure. H5: Young adults who were raised in families characterized by a strong concept-oriented communication structure are less likely to exhibit compulsive consumption tendencies than those who were raised in families characterized by a week concept-oriented family communication structure. H6: The relationship between family disruption events experienced during adolescence and perceived stressfulness of these events is moderated by (a) global family support, (b) emotional family support, and (c) material family support. Those reporting higher levels of family support as teenagers are less likely to report experiencing stress due to family disruption events. H7: Perceived stressfulness of family disruption events experienced during adolescent years are associated with compulsive consumption tendencies in early adulthood. H8: The greater the number of family disruption events young adults experienced during their adolescent years the more frequent was their communication about consumption with their peers. H9: The more frequent was the young persons' communication with their peers about consumption during their adolescent years, the more likely they are to report compulsive buying tendencies as young adults. We use a sample of 120 Thai undergraduate students attending classes taught in English as part of a four-year international program. Product-moment correlations, hierarchical regression analysis and partial correlation were used to analyze data. Results of testing hypotheses showed that hypothesis 2, 4, 7 and 9 were supported and hypothesis 1, 3, 5, 6 and 8 were not supported. Our study did not find a significant relationship between the age when a person experienced family dislocation and their compulsive behavior tendencies expressed as young adults. We did not find a significant relationship between family dislocation and family communication structures. But we found a significant positive relationship between socio-oriented communication structure and compulsive buying and a significant relationship between our peer communication and compulsive buying measures. Also we found perceived stressfulness due to the disruptive events to have a significant positive relationship between the perceived stressfulness and compulsive buying. Implications from these findings, limitations of this research and future research suggestions were discussed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.6 s.263
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• pp.427-433
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• 2006

Background: Current vascular prostheses are considered still inadequate for reconstruction of small-diameter vessels. To evaluate the potential use of xenograft vessels as small diameter arterial grafts, we implanted porcine vessels in goats. The grafts were treated with two different processes, freezing and acellularization, before implantation, and gross inspection as well as microscopic examination followed after a predetermined period. Material and Method: Bilateral porcine carotid arteries were harvested and immediately stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ within tissue preservation solution. One of them was designated as frozen xenograft vessel. The other one was put on acellularization process using NaCl-SDS solution and stored frozen until further use. Grafts were implanted in the place of carotid arteries of the same goat. The grafts have remained implanted for 1, 3, and 6 months in three animals, respectively. Periodic ultrasonographic examinations were performed during the observation period. After explantation, the grafts were analyzed grossly and histologically under light microscope. Result: All animals survived the experimental procedure without problems. Ultrasonographic examinations showed excellent patency of all the grafts during the observation period. Gross examination revealed nonthrombotic, patent lumens with smooth surfaces. Microscopic examinations of the explanted grafts showed cellular reconstruction at the 6-month stage in both grafts. Although more inflammatory responses were observed in the early phase of frozen xenografts, there was no evidence of significant rejection. Conclusion: These findings suggest that porcine xenograft vessels, regardless of pre-implantation processes of acelluarization or freezing, can be acceptably implanted in goats, although short duration of observation in a small number of animals may limit this study.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

The gravity anomalies that observed by ground and shipborne survey and calculated from GRACE satellite are combined by using spherical cap harmonic analysis (SCHA). In this study, ground gravity data from Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resource(KIGAM) and shipborne gravity data from National Ocean Research Institute(NORI) and Korea Ocean Research and Development institute(KORDI) were used. L-2 level GRACE Gravity Model (GGM02C) was also used for satellite gravity anomaly. The ground and shipborne surveyed data were combined and gridded using Krigging method with 0.05 degree interval and GRACE data were also gridded using the same method with 0.05 degree to harmonize with the resolution of SCHA that has coefficient up to 80. Generalized Minimal Residual(GMRES) inversion method was implemented for calculating the coefficients of SCHA using the gridded ground and satellite gravity anomalies that had 0 km and 50 km altitude, respectively. The results of inversion method showed good correlation of 0.950 and 0.995 with original ground and satellite data. The gravity anomaly using SCHA satisfies Laplace's equation, therefore, using these SCHA coefficients, gravity anomaly can be calculated at any altitude. In this study, gravity anomaly was calculated from 10 km to 60 km altitude and each altitude, very stable results were shown. The ground and shipborne gravity data that have higher resolution and satellite data in long wavelength are harmonized well with SCHA coefficients and successfully applied in South Korea area. If more continuous survey and muti-altitude surveyed data like airborne data available, more precise gravity anomaly can be acquired using SCHA method.