• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.25-46
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• 2010

In spite of great interest and recent innovation of the legislative system in the Arbitration and other Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR) system, In Japan there have been only a few case in which International commercial dispute was settled through the Arbitration compared to other countries. However, we can easily expect that foreign arbitral awards which need to be recognized and enforced in Japan will gradually increase and this makes it very important for us to review the Japanese legislative system regarding recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. In this paper, I focused on the relations between applicable laws(including convention) regarding recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Japan and some issues concerning refusal of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Japan is a member state of several multilateral conventions concerning recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards including the New York Convention of 1958 and at least 20 bilateral agreements which include provisions in relate to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. Therefore there are some legal issues about the priority application between multilateral and bilateral agreements in relate to Article 7(1) of the New York Convention. In Japan, as I mentioned in this paper, there are incoherent opinions concerning this issue. To solve it substantially it would seem appropriate to build up concrete and explicit provisions concerning the application of priority between multilateral and bilateral agreements. On the other hand, in relate to the application between the New York Convention and National Law, it is necessary to take general approach regarding the priority application between Convention (Treaty) and National Law, considering the national application of conventions under the Constitutional System of each country. Among the grounds for non-recognition/enforcement, there are the ones that are decided under the law of the requested country, for instance, arbitrability and public policy. It would therefore be possible that some foreign arbitral awards would not be recognized in Japan especially relating to the arbitrability because its scope in Japan is not so large. Regarding the enforcement of awards annulled in their place of origin, some positive opinions in recent Japanese legal discussions, say that annulled awards should be enforced as a counter strategy of developed countries and judiciary discretion of the requested country would be needed. As mentioned in this paper, the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards is closely related to judicial policy of the requested country as the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgment is. Even though there existed uniform rules on recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards like the New York convention, each country has different internal legal status of conventions under its own Constitutional System and tends to interpret the provisions based in its own profit. Therefore, it is necessary to review, in the light of conflict of laws, the national legislative system including legal status of conventions of the requested countries concerning recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2006

최근 건설산업의 급격한 환경변화로 국내 건설업계는 어려운 환경에 처해 있다. 건설사의 재무구조 악화로 인한 공사 중단이나 계약 해제 등으로 보증채권자에 의한 건설보증 분쟁도 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 보증채권자에 의한 분쟁 제기 시 소송이 아닌 ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution), 특히 협상을 통한 분쟁 해결이 가장 바람직한 방안이나 활용할 만한 자료가 극히 제한적이어서 원만히 해결되지 못하고 결국 분쟁으로 이어지고 있는 것이 현실이다. 본 연구에서는 건설분쟁 중 건설보증 분쟁 발생 시 ADR을 통한 해결가능성을 모색하고자, 최근 5년간(2000년${\sim}$2004년) 건설보증과 관련한 대법원 판례를 분석하여 가설 설정과 검증을 통하여 소송의 유효성을 분석하였다. 본 연구결과 소송에 의한 분쟁 해결은 평균 1,067일(최장 1,965일)이 소요되는데 비하여 원고 승소율은 45% 미만으로 나타나 쌍방 모두 이에 따른 시간적, 경제적 손실이 적지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 제시된 여러 변수들의 승소율을 감안하여 보증계약 당사자가 어느 정도 수용 가능한 기준을 가지고 협상에 참여한다면 손실을 최소화하면서 각자의 만족도를 충족시켜 주게 될 것입니다. 그러나 본 연구에 대한 결과만으로 현재 진행 중이거나 향후 발생하게 될 모든 건설보증의 클레임이나 분쟁에 대한 대응방안을 마련하는 데에는 한계가 있다. 다만, 이상의 연구 결과를 활용하여 보다 적극적으로 건설보증 분쟁을 예방하고 관리방안을 마련하여 단계적이고 체계적으로 시행해 나가는 방안을 모색해야 한다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제41권
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• pp.79-102
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• 2009

L/C transaction, the most important issue for the seller and the buyer is the theory of documentary transaction and the theory of strict compliance which are the principles of L/C transactions. According to the leading cases in England and America where the practice of L/C transactions was created and developed, the descriptions of the commodities specified on all the documents which are submitted based on an L/C, should be identical to the descriptions of commodities specified in the L/C. And further, many leading cases of L/C continuously repeat to emphasize strict compliance. However, the recent leading cases in and out of the country show that the principle of strict compliance is being weakened. The leading cases in America show two trends of weakening the principle of strict compliance. That is, on the contrary to strict compliance, tends to apply substantial compliance (which puts more value on the substance of the documents). These leading cases reflect the attitudes of the judicial and the legislative authorization that don't want to approve formal approach to the commercial law. Recently, the Supreme Court of Korea is giving a decision on the principle of strict compliance, "The documents attached to an L/C should strictly comply with the conditions in the L/C, but it doesn't mean that they should be perfectly identical without any mistake in words. In case the bank can understand through reasonable care that a small mistake in words is too trivial to give different meaning or to give damage to the conditions of the L/C, the documents are regarded to comply with the conditions of the L/C. However, the judgment should be based on whether the difference between the documents and the L/C can be admitted by the international standard bank transaction practice or not." This decision tells that the principle of strict compliance is quite much modified so application of this modification can't be ignored. However, from the viewpoint of the party who requests to open an L/C, there is a criticism that a bank's arbitrary judgement can be involved. Therefore, reviewing the original purpose of L/C transactions (activating international transactions), the principle of strict compliance may be thought old-fashioned because it emphasizes a form, but in reality, for prompt transaction and payment, the principle of strict compliance should be observed in L/C transactions. And further, if a legislative device is prepared to systematically compensate for several side-effects, the principle of strict compliance will improve dynamic flow of prompt and low-costly L/C transactions. On the other hand, it will be able to protect the interested parties.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.12-30
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• 2009

이 연구의 목적은 과학 영재 학생들의 사고 양식에 따른 지구시스템에 대한 인지 특성을 분석하는 것이다. 연구 대상은 광역시 소재 대학 부설 과학영재교육원에 재학 중인 24명이다. 연구 방법은 먼저 과학 영재 학생들을 대상으로 Sternberg의 정신자치제 이론에 근거로 사고양식 측정 검사를 실시한 후, 그 유형에 따라 Type I(입법적, 사법적, 전체적, 진보적)과 Type II(행정적, 지엽적, 보수적)집단으로 구분하였다. 그 후 각 집단에 대해 설문지 3종(A, B, C형), 단어 연상, 그림 분석, 개념 지도, 숨겨진 차원파악하기 (hidden dimension inventory), 자료해석 및 그 결과에 대한 심층 면담을 실시하였다. 과학 영재 학생들의 사고양식 유형은 입법적, 사법적, 무정부적, 전체적, 외부적, 그리고 진보적 사고 양식의 특성을 나타내어 새로운 과제를 선호하며, 창의적인 방식으로 문제를 해결하려는 경향을 보여주었다. 사고 유형에 따른 지구시스템에 대한 인지 특성에 대한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, '시스템 이해'에서 Type I, II 집단의 양적 측정치는 비슷하였으나, 세부적으로 살펴보면 상당한 차이가 존재한다. 둘째, '시스템 내 관계 파악'은 사고양식 유형과 상당히 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있으며, Type I집단이 보다 다각적, 역동적, 순환적으로 접근하여 보다 유리하다. 셋째, '시스템 일반화'에서 시스템에 대한 단순 해석 능력은 두 집단 모두 비슷하나, 숨겨진 차원 요소를 가미하여 추정할 경우 일반화 경향이 Type I집단이 우수하다. 하지만 시스템 예측 측면에서는 집단에 관계없이 미약하다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 시스템 학습 프로그램 개발과 적용에 있어 다양한 대상에 대한 구체적인 개발 전략이 요구되며, 이를 통한 시스템 인지와 관련된 여러 분야에서의 활용성과 기대 효과가 클 것이라 생각된다.