• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1393-1397
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the first cause of cancer death in women worldwide, with infiltrating duct carcinoma as the most common morphology. This study aimed to investigate trend of breast cancer incidence by age groups and histological changes in Iranian women between 2003 and 2008. Materials and Methods: This is analytic study, carried out based on re-analysis of the Cancer Registry Center report of health deputy for women's breast cancer in Iran during a 6-year period (2003-2008). Statistical analysis for incidence time trends and morphology change percentage carried out joinpoint regression analysis using the software Joinpoint Regression Program. Results: A total of 36,340 cases were reported for Iranian women in the six years. Analytical trend showed an increasing incidence trend with significant annual percentage change (APC) of 15.2 (CI: 11.6 to 18.8). The lowest and highest significant increased trend were related to age groups of 40 to 44 years and above 85 years, respectively; with APCs of 13.0 and 25.1, respectively. Of total cases, 78.7% of cases were infiltrating duct carcinoma, decreasing from 82.0% in 2003 to 76.6% in 2008, which was significant with an APC equal to -1.76 (CI:-2.7 to -0.8). Conclusions: The incidence trend of breast cancer is rising in Iranian women. The highest incidence was observed in the age groups 45-65 and 80-85. In conclusion, to reduce breast cancer incidence and its burden, preventive and screening programs for breast cancer, especially in young women, are recommended in Iran.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3951-3955
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal cancer mortality has started to decrease in several developed countries in Asia. The current study aimed to present the long-term trends in colorectal cancer mortality in Korea using joinpoint analysis and age-period-cohort modeling. Materials and Methods: The number of colorectal cancer deaths and the population for each 5-year age group were obtained from Statistics Korea for the period 1984-2013 for adults 30 years and older. Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to determine changes in trends in age-standardized mortality rates, and age-period-cohort analysis was performed to describe trends in colorectal cancer mortality using the intrinsic estimator method. Results: In men, the age-standardized mortality rate for colorectal cancer increased from 1984 to 2003, and the mortality rates stabilized thereafter, whereas the mortality rate of colorectal cancer in women has decreased since 2004. The age-specific mortality rate of colorectal cancer increased in both men and women over time, whereas decreases in the age-specific mortality rate in younger cohorts were observed. In the age-period-cohort analysis, old age and recent period were associated with higher mortality for both men and women. The birth cohort born after 1919 showed reduced colorectal cancer mortality in both men and women. Conclusions: Our study showed a recent decreasing trend in colorectal cancer mortality in women and a stable trend in men after 2003-2004. These changes in colorectal cancer mortality may be attributed to birth cohort effects.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3911-3916
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• 2012

Background: The objective of this study WAS to describe cancer incidence rates and trends among THE Hong Kong population for the period 1983-2008. Methods: Incident cases and population data from 1983 to 2008 were obtained from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry and the Census and Statistics Department, respectively. Agestandardized incidence rates (ASIR) were estimated and joinpoint regression was applied to detect significant changes in cancer morbidity. Results: For all cancers combined, the ASIR showed declining trends (1.37% in men, 0.94% in women), this also being the case for cancers of lung, liver, nasopharynx, stomach, bladder, oesophagus for both genders and cervix cancer for women. With cancer of thyroid, prostate, male colorectal, corpus uteri, ovary and female breast cancer an increase was evident throughout the period. The incidence for leukemia showed a stable trend since early 1990s, following an earlier decrease. Conclusion: Although overall cancer incidence rates and certain cancers showed declining trends, incidence trends for colorectal, thyroid and sex-related cancers continue to rise. These trends in cancer morbidity can be used as an important resource to plan and develop effective programs aimed at the control and prevention of the spread of cancer amongst the Hong Kong population. It is particularly useful in allowing projection of future burdens on the society with the increase in certain cancer incidences.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.319-330
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• 2017

Introduction: The extent of lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer is a topic of controversy among surgeons. This study was conducted to analyze the American National Cancer Database (NCDB) and conclude the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods: The NCDB for gastric cancer was utilized. Patients who received at least a partial gastrectomy were included. Patients with metastatic disease, unknown TNM stages, R1/R2 resection, or treated with a palliative intent were excluded. Joinpoint regression was used to identify the extent of lymphadenectomy that reflects the optimal survival. Cox regression analysis and Bayesian information criterion were used to identify significant survival predictors. Kaplan-Meier was applied to study overall survival and stage migration. Results: 40,281 patients of 168,377 met the inclusion criteria. Joinpoint analysis showed that dissection of 29 nodes provides the optimal median survival for the overall population. Regression analysis reported the cutoff ${\geq}29$ to have a better fit in the prognostic model than that of ${\geq}15$. Dissection of ${\geq}29$ nodes in the higher stages provides a comparable overall survival to the immediately lower stage. Nonetheless, the retrieval of ${\geq}15$ nodes proved to be adequate for staging without a significant stage migration compared to ${\geq}29$ nodes. Conclusion: The extent of lymphadenectomy in gastric adenocarcinoma is a marker of improved resection which reflects in a longer overall survival. Our analysis concludes that the dissection of ${\geq}15$ nodes is adequate for staging. However, the dissection of 29 nodes might be needed to provide a significantly improved survival.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2005년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.416-421
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• 2005

컴포넌트를 다양한 영역에 사용하기 위해 코드를 추가적으로 요구할 경우, 추가되는 코드가 뒤엉켜져서 컴포넌트 재사용을 방해하게 된다. AOP는 이러한 컴포넌트의 다양성 문제를 해결하기 위해 나온 방법이다. 본 논문에서는 Fractal 컴포넌트 모델에 제어 객체와 인터셉터 객체를 합성하기위해 혼합클래스(mixin class)를 사용하여 joinpoint controller interface를 생성하였으며, 이러한 인터페이스에 합성된 aspect을 적용하였다. 그리고, Aspect의 재사용성을 높이기 위하여, Decorator 디자인 패턴을 사용하여 동적으로 위빙하는 위버를 설계하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.566-573
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• 2016

대한민국은 2011년을 정점으로 대장암의 연령표준화 발생률이 감소 추세이다. 그러나 제주도 대장암의 연령표준화 발생률은 1999년부터 2013년까지 계속 증가하고 있다. 제주도는 전국 16개 주요 시도와 비교할 때 암검진율이 낮고, 음주율과 비만율이 높은 지역이다. 본 연구는 제주도 대장암 발생률을 낮추는 데 필요한 통계적 기초 자료를 파악하기 위하여 제주 지역 암센터의 암등록 사업을 통해서 조사한 1999년부터 2013년까지의 자료를 Joinpoint Regression program(Statistical Methodology and Applications Branch, Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute) Version 4.2.0 - April 2015를 이용 국가 발생률과 이원비교 일치도 분석을 했다. 제주도는 남자 결장암 연평균 변화율이 8.422%(p-value<0.000), 여자 결장암의 연평균 변화율 6.136%(p-value<0.000), 남자 직장암의 연평균 변화율 4.221%(p-value 0.003)의 영향으로 대장암 발생률이 지속해서 증가하고 있다. 연령대는 50세 이상의 결장암이 연평균 변화율 7.986%(p-value<0.000)로 중요한 변수이다. 따라서 제주도 대장암 발생률을 낮추기 위해서는 남자 직장암에 대한 전암 단계의 치료와, 50세 이상 남녀 결장암 발생률을 낮추는 것이 중요하다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1292-1303
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• 2015

통계청의 2013년 지역사회 건강 조사 자료에 의하면 제주도는 전국 16개 시 도 중에서 비만율(1위), 고위험 음주율(2위), 남성 흡연율(2위)이 상대적으로 높은 지역으로 대장암, 간암, 폐암, 유방암 등의 발생률이 높을 것으로 추정된다. 연구목적은 이들 암의 발생률과 사망률의 추세를 분석하고 전국 평균과 비교 유사성이 있는지 알아보는 것이다. 분석을 위하여 제주지역암등록소에서 2014년 11월까지 조사한 1999년부터 2012까지 자료를 이용했으며, 분석은 Joinpoint 회귀 순열 검사방법을 이용 평균 연간 % 변화율(AAPC)과 전국 평균과의 유사성 검사(parallelism test)를 했다. 남성 대장암은 연령표준화 발생률의 AAPC가 8.4%/년(p-value<.000) 이었으며, 남성 전국 평균과의 유사성은 제주 환자의 가파른 AAPC 상승 때문에 거부되었다(p-value=.047). 남성 간암의 ASR에 대한 AAPC는 -2.98%/년(p-value<.000) 이었으나 전국 평균보다 완만한 감소 때문에 유사성이 거부되었다(p-value=.026). 남성 폐암의 AAPC는 전국 평균과 비교에서 제주도 환자의 2006년부터 2012년 기간에 APC(4.37%/년)가 오히려 증가하여 거부되었다(p-value=.009). 결론으로, 제주도는 남성 대장암, 남성 간암, 남성 폐암의 평균 연간 % 변화율과 변화 추세가 전국 평균과 다르다는 것을 확인하였으므로 원인에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.4955-4958
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• 2015

Background: Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. It has an increasing trend. This study investigated the epidemiological trend and morphological changes in skin cancer in Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was done using existing data, extracted from the National Cancer Registry System and the Disease Management Center of Iranian Ministry of Health between 2003 and 2008. Data on epidemiologic trend was analyzed using Joinpoint software package. Results: The incidence of skin cancer is increasing in Iran, and more in men than women. There was a declining trend for basal cell carcinoma. Basal squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma had an increasing trend. The increase of skin cancer was related to squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that the increase of skin cancer was attributed to squamous cell carcinoma. It is necessary to be planning for the control and prevention of this disease as a priority for health policy makers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4613-4617
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• 2012

National cancer incidence data were utilized to analyze trends in esophageal cancer incidence in China in order to provide basic information for making cancer control strategy. We retrieved and re-sorted valid esophageal cancer incidence data from National Central Cancer Registry Database over 20 years period from 1989 to 2008. Crude incidence and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated for analysis, with annual percent change estimated by Joinpoint software for long term trend analysis. The crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer was found to have remained relatively stable in both urban and rural areas over the 20 year period. Age standardized incidence rate (ASR) in cancer registration areas decreased from 39.5/100,000 in 1989 to 23.0/100,000 in 2008 in all areas (AAPC=-3.3%, 95% CI:-2.8~-3.7). The trend was no change in urban areas and 2.1% average annual decrease observed in rural aras. Before the year of 2000, esophageal cancer incidence rates significant decreased with 2.8% annually and then the rates kept stable. Over 20 years from 1989 to 2008, esophageal cancer age standardized incidence rate in cancer registration areas decreased with time. However, esophageal cancer is still a big issue and efforts for control should be continuously enhanced. Cancer registration is playing an important role in cancer control with the number of registries increasing and data quality improving in China.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.1959-1964
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• 2015

Purpose: To investigate the distribution of liver cancer mortality as well as its developing trend from 1991 to 2012, forecast the future five-year trend, and provide a basis for the comprehensive prevention and management. Materials and Methods: Mortality data for liver cancer in China from 1991 to 2012 were used to describe characteristics and distribution of liver cancer mortality. Trend surface analysis was used to study the geographical distribution of liver cancer mortality. Curve estimation, time series modeling, gray modeling (GM) and joinpoint regression were used to predict and forecast future trends. Results: The mortality rate of liver cancer has constantly increased in China since 1991. Rates in rural areas are higher than in urban areas, and in males are higher than in females. In addition, our data predicted that the trend will continue to increase in the next 5 years. The age-specific mortality of liver cancer increases with age and peaks in the group of 80-84 years old. Geographical analysis showed the liver mortality rate was higher in the southeast provinces, such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong, and southwest regions like Guangxi Province. Conclusions: The standardized mortality rate of liver cancer in China has consistently increased from 1991 to 2012, and the upward trend is predicted to continue in the future. Much better prevention and management of liver cancer is needed in high mortality areas (the southwestern and southeastern parts of China) and high mortality age groups (80- to 84-year-olds), especially in rural areas.