• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1897-1906
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) deficiency on intestinal pH value, digestive enzyme activity, morphology, nutrient utilization, and gene expression of NaPi-IIb in meat ducks from 1 to 21 d of age. Methods: A total of 525 one-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings were fed diets (with 7 pens of 15 ducklings, or 105 total ducklings, on each diet) with five levels of nPP (0.22%, 0.34%, 0.40%, 0.46%, or 0.58%) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. Five experimental diets contained a constant calcium (Ca) content of approximately 0.9%. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F:G) were measured at 14 and 21 d of age. Ducks were sampled for duodenum and jejunum digestion and absorption function on 14 and 21 d. Nutrient utilization was assessed using 25- to 27-d-old ducks. Results: The results showed ducks fed 0.22% nPP had lower (p<0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization and higher (p<0.05) serum Ca content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When dietary nPP levels were increased, BW (d 14 and 21), BWG and FI (all intervals), and the serum phosphorus (P) content linearly and quadratically increased (p<0.05); and the jejunal pH value (d 14), duodenal muscle layer thickness (d 14), excreta dry matter, crude protein, energy, Ca and total P utilization linearly increased (p<0.05); however, the serum ALP activity, jejunal $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, and duodenal NaPi-IIb mRNA level (d 21) linearly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that ducks aged from 1 to 21 d fed diets with 0.22% nPP had poor growth performance related to poor intestinal digestion and absorption ability; but when fed diets with 0.40%, 0.46%, and 0.58% nPP, ducks presented a better growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption function.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.238-242
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• 2002

Seventy-four piglets were used to investigate the effects of dietary glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) on the mucosal structure and active absorption of small intestinal, DNA and RNA concentrations of skeletal muscle tissue in piglets during d 28 to 42 of age. Postweaning piglets were fed for 14 d corn- and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0.0 or 1.0% L-Gln or L-Glu. On d 7 and 14 postweaning, pigs' small intestinal sections and longissimus dorsi were collected, at the same time, the D-xylose absorption test was conducted. The results suggested that in comparison to control piglets, jejunal atrophy during the first week postweaning was prevented by the glutamine and glutamate supplementation (1%) and the capability of small intestine to absorb Dxylose was improved. Furthermore the RNA concentration in skeletal muscle tissue was increased. These results provide an experimental basis for use of glutamine and glutamate on alleviating the weaning stresses and improving piglets' growth performance.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 1973

Numerous factors concern with the absorption of substances through the membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. To simplify the experimental condition, present work has been restricted to observe the disappearance rate of substance from the intestinal loop which was made in the jejunum, 70 cm apart from the pylorus of the adult rabbit. The purpose of the study is to clarify the absorption of urea through the jejunal wall is solely attributable to the concentration difference between the luminal fluid and plasma, and to observe the effect of adding red pepper upon the rate of absorption. The rabbits were anesthetized with nembutal, 35mg/kg I.V. Jejunal loop was made by ligating at 2 spots, 70 cm and 80cm apart from the pylorus. After rinsing with normal saline solution through the polyethylene tubing inserted from the end of the loop, 8 ml of test solution was placed through the same tubing. The test solution contained 200 mg% of urea and 150mg% of polyethylene glycol(M.W. 4,000) in normal saline solution. Right after placing the test solution the first specimen was taken through the tubing, and successive samplings were performed at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Logarithm of the difference of urea concentration between the luminal fluid and plasma was plotted against time elapsed after the onset of the experiment. If straight line is revealed, it would verify the nature of transport mechanism as diffusion, obeying the Fick's principle. The concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was also measured in order to examine the change in the volume. PEG was used as the marker substance because it is not absorbable in the intestinal tract. Consequently the concentration of PEG relates inversely to the volume of the loop. Instantaneous concentration of urea in the loop times the volume will give the amount of urea remaining in the luminal fluid. The change in the amount of any substance is directly relate to the volume of the compartment and differs from the change in the concentration which is independent of the volume. After completion of the experiment without red pepper, it was added in the test solution and was centrifuged after thorough mixing. Supernatant of the mixture was placed in the loop and similar sampling were performed with the same time intervals that of previous run in order to observe the effects of the red pepper on the passive transport of the water soluble small substance, urea. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Logarithm of the concentration difference of urea between the luminal fluid and plasma was diminished exponentially as time elapsed. The decay constant in the experiment without red pepper was 0.0563/min. By adding red pepper in the test solution as much as the concentration rose to 4,000 mg% and 8,000 mg%, the decay constants were lowered to 0.0493/min and to 0.0506/min, respectively. The time interval by which the concentration difference dropped to one half of the initial value was prolonged. Without red pepper the half concentration time was 13.30 minutes, and by adding extract of red pepper, 15.31 minutes and 15.71 minutes were revealed. 2. The profile of the diminishing rate of tile amount of urea was quite different from that of the concentration because of the change in the volume of the loop during the observed period. 3. By adding the extract of red pepper, it slowed down the rate of absorption of urea in the intestinal loop, suggesting an increase in the diffusional barrier. 4. Larger dosage of red pepper brought an increase in the secretion of intestinal fluid with concomitant expansion of the luminal volume, and the retardation of the absorption of urea was noticed. This effect was largely dependent on the sensitivity of the individual animal to the red pepper, extract. The amount of urea remained after 10 minutes interval was 55.5% of the initial amount in the experiment without red pepper. On the other hand it was not consistent after administration of red pepper, showing 50.6% and 66.5% of the initial figures by adding 400 mg and 800 mg of red pepper in the test solution, respectively. It was postulated that symptom of diarrhea often encountered by taking a hot (red pepper) food might be attributable to the increase of secretion and the retardation of absorption in the intestinal tract.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.71-82
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• 1996

This study has been undertaken to evaluate hydrophobic cyclodextrin(CD) derivatives as a sustained release carrier of azidothymidine(AZT), AZT, which has potent activity against AIDS and AIDS-related complex as thymidine analogue, has been reported that it has significant toxicity and short half life. Therefore, it is necessary to design sustained release oral dosage form to avoid undesirable side effects attributable to an excessive plasma concentration and to reduce the frequency of administration of AZT. Inclusion complexes of AZT with $acetyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(AC{\beta}CD)$ and $triacetyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin(TA{\beta}CD)$ were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Interactions of AZT with CD were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC) and Infrared Spectrophotometry(IR). The decreasing order of water solubilities of AZT and AZT-CD inclusion complexes were as follows; $AZT\;(27.873{\pm}0.015,mg/ml)\;>\;AZT-AC{\beta}CD\;(3.377{\pm}0.003)\;>\;AZT-TA{\beta}CD\;(2.528{\pm}0.001)$. Partition coefficients of $AZT-AC{\beta}CD\;and;\AZT-TA{\beta}CD$ inclusion complexes were increased by 1.27-fold, 1.54-fold in pH 1.2 and 1.32-fold, 1.47-fold in pH 6.8 in comparison with that of AZT. The mean dissolution time (MDT, min) which represents the rapidity of dissolution rate of AZT, $AZT-AC{\beta}CD,\;AZT-TA{\beta}CD$ were 5.12, 14.02 and 19.38 min in pH 1.2 and 2.52, 15.19 and 18.19 min in pH 6.8. AZT was very rapidly and completely dissolved in pH 1.2 and pH 6.8 within 5 minutes. But AZT-CD inclusion complexes showed the sustained release pattern in comparison with AZT alone. The simultaneous in situ nasal and jejunal recirculation study to compare the intrinsic absorptivity and the property of absorption sites revealed that the absorption of $AZT-TA{\beta}CD\;(N:35.35{\pm}1.08%,\;J:27.47{\pm}1.18%)$ was more than that of $AZT\;(N:16.89{\pm}2.25%,\;J:15.86{\pm}2.33%)$. The above results suggest that $TA{\beta}CD$ which is a hydrophobic cyclodextrin may serve as sustained release carrier with absorption enhancing effect.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1921-1929
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• 2021

Objective: The intestinal microbiota enhances nutrient absorption in the host and thus promotes heath. Qinghai semi-fine wool sheep is an important livestock raised in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; however, little is known about the bacterial microbiota of its intestinal tract. The aim of this study was to detect the microbial characterization in the intestinal tract of the Qinghai semi-fine wool sheep. Methods: The bacterial profiles of the six different intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) of Qinghai semi-fine wool sheep were studied using 16S rRNA V3-V4 hypervariable amplicon sequencing. Results: A total of 2,623,323 effective sequences were obtained, and 441 OTUs shared all six intestinal segments. The bacterial diversity was significantly different among the different intestinal segments, and the large intestine exhibited higher bacterial diversity than the small intestine. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Patescibacteria were the dominant phyla in these bacterial communities. Additionally, at the genus level, Prevotella_1, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 were the most predominant genus in duodenal segment, jejunal and ileal segments, and cecal, colonic, and rectal segments, respectively. We predicted that the microbial functions and the relative abundance of the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were overrepresented in the intestinal segments of Qinghai semi-fine wool sheep. Conclusion: The bacterial communities and functions differed among different intestinal segments. Our study is the first to provide insights into the composition and biological functions of the intestinal microbiota of Qinghai semi-fine wool sheep. Our results also provide useful information for the nutritional regulation and production development in Qinghai semi-fine wool sheep.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권3_spc호
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• pp.405-416
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• 2021

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of feeding diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (supplemental 2 mg/kg) on health, growth, and the effects of a mycotoxin-detoxifying additive in newly-weaned pigs. Methods: Thirty-six pigs (27 day-old) were housed individually and assigned to 3 treatments for 5 weeks: CON (diet containing minimal deoxynivalenol), MT (diet with supplemental 1.9 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol), and MT+D (MT + mycotoxin-detoxifying additive, 0.2%, MegaFix, ICC, São Paulo, Brazil). The mycotoxin-detoxifying additive included bentonite, algae, enzymes, and yeast. Blood was taken at week 2 and 5. Jejunal tissue were taken at week 5. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results: Pigs fed MT+D tended to have decreased (p = 0.056) averaged daily feed intake during week 1 than MT. At week 2, serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase in MT tended to be lower (p = 0.059) than CON, whereas it was increased (p<0.05) for MT+D than MT, indicating hepatic damages in MT and recovery in MT+D. Pigs fed MT had lower (p<0.05) blood urea nitrogen/creatinine than CON, supporting hepatic damage. At week 5, pigs fed MT tended to have reduced (p = 0.079) glucose than CON, whereas it was increased (p<0.05) for MT+D than MT, indicating impaired intestinal glucose absorption in MT, which was improved in MT+D. Pigs fed CON tended to have increased (p = 0.057) total glutathione in jejunum than MT, indicating oxidative stress in MT. Pigs fed MT+D had a reduced (p<0.05) proportion of Ki-67-positive cells in jejunum than MT, indicating lower enterocyte proliferation in MT+D. Conclusion: Feeding supplemental 1.9 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol reduced growth and debilitated hepatic health of pigs, as seen in leakage of hepatic enzymes, impaired nitrogen metabolism, and increase in oxidative stress. The mycotoxin-detoxifying enhanced hepatic health and glucose levels, and attenuated gut damage in pigs fed deoxynivalenol contaminated diets.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.450-455
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• 2008

이 실험은 녹차추출물이 흰쥐 소장mucosa에서 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 에스테르화 과정에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 조사하기 위해서 설계되었다 먼저, olive oil을 구강으로 강제 투여했을 때, 1시간 그리고 5시간 후에, 녹차 성분의 변수에 의해서 소장 mucosa 내에 축적된 중성지방이 얼마나 감소하는지를 조사하였다. 그리고 소장세포 내에서 녹차 성분에 의해서 각종 지방으로 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 분배비율이 영향을 받는지 조사하였다. 이 실험에 사용된 micelle 용액은 $200.0\;{\mu}Ci$ $^{14}C$-oleic acid, $200.1\;{\mu}mol$ oleic acid, $200.1\;{\mu}mol$ 2-monooleoylglycerol, $66.7\;{\mu}mol$ palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 2.2 mmol glucose, $50.0\;{\mu}mol$ albumin, 그리고 16.5 mmol Na-taurocholate per L of phosphate buffered saline (pH, 6.3)를 기본으로 하며, 실험군의 micelle 용액은 녹차추출물 분말(green tea extract powder)이 8.87 g/L의 농도로 추가되었다. Ligament of Treitz 부위 에 연결된 소장 부위의 양 끝을 살균 처리된 suture silk(4-0 Silk)로 느슨하게 매듭처리 한 후, $800.0\;{\mu}L$ micelle 용액을 매듭 처리된 소장의 윗매듭 속으로 주입하여, 장기 및 부속기관을 원위치시켰다. 10분 후에, cervical dislocation 방법으로 희생시킨 후 매듭된 소장 부위를 꺼내어 장내용물(luminal content)의 잔존 $^{14}C$-oleic acid를 측정하였다. 획득된 소장 벽에서 각종 지방으로 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 분배율을 측정하였다. 소장 mucosa에서 총지방량은 녹차추출물에 의해서 영향을 받지 않았으나, 이중 중성지방의 비율은 유의적으로 감소되었다. 또한 소장 벽에서 각종지방으로 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 분배율은 녹차추출물에 의해서, 중성지방과 인지질 분획에서 유의적인 감소현상을 보였다. 이 실험은, 이전 동물실험들에서 누차 보고되었던, 녹차추출물에 의한 소장 지방 흡수 억제 현상은 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 에스테르화 비율과 상관성이 있는 것으로 제시하고 있다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.740-752
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• 2023

Objective: Dietary phytase increases bioavailability of phytate-bound phosphorus (P) in pig nutrition affecting dietary calcium (Ca) to P ratio, intestinal uptake, and systemic utilization of both minerals, which may contribute to improper bone mineralization. We used phytase to assess long-term effects of two dietary available P (aP) levels using a one-phase feeding system on gene expression related to Ca and P homeostasis along the intestinal tract and in the kidney, short-chain fatty acids in stomach, cecum, and colon, serum, and bone parameters in growing gilts and barrows. Methods: Growing pigs (37.9±6.2 kg) had either free access to a diet without (Con; 75 gilts and 69 barrows) or with phytase (650 phytase units; n = 72/diet) for 56 days. Samples of blood, duodenal, jejunal, ileal, cecal, and colonic mucosa and digesta, kidney, and metacarpal bones were collected from 24 pigs (6 gilts and 6 barrows per diet). Results: Phytase decreased daily feed intake and average daily gain, whereas aP intake increased with phytase versus Con diet (p<0.05). Gilts had higher colonic expression of TRPV5, CDH1, CLDN4, ZO1, and OCLN and renal expression of TRPV5 and SLC34A3 compared to barrows (p<0.05). Phytase increased duodenal expression of TRPV5, TRPV6, CALB1, PMCA1b, CDH1, CLDN4, ZO1, and OCLN compared to Con diet (p<0.05). Furthermore, phytase increased expression of SCL34A2 in cecum and of FGF23 and CLDN4 in colon compared to Con diet (p<0.05). Alongside, phytase decreased gastric propionate, cecal valerate, and colonic caproate versus Con diet (p<0.05). Phytase reduced cortical wall thickness and index of metacarpal bones (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gene expression results suggested an intestinal adaptation to increased dietary aP amount by increasing duodenal trans- and paracellular Ca absorption to balance the systemically available Ca and P levels, whereas no adaption of relevant gene expression in kidney occurred. Greater average daily gain in barrows related to higher feed intake.