• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.528-553
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• 2020

Upland fields are characterized by dry environments, a high degree of disturbance by farming practices such as double-cropping, and a high diversity of crops compared to other field types. This study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of upland fields in South Korea. Flora surveys were conducted in 36 areas in nine provinces at two times (June and August) in 2015. The results showed that the vascular plants in the upland fields in South Korea included 532 taxa, containing 100 families, 322 genera, 483 species, nine subspecies, 37 varieties, one form, and two hybrids. Among the 100 families, Asteraceae was the most diverse in species (75 taxa), followed by Poaceae (68 taxa), Fabaceae (34 taxa), Polygonaceae (21 taxa), Rosaceae (19 taxa), and Liliaceae (17 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Acalypha australis L. (100%), and Artemisia indica Willd. (100%) were the highest, followed by Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Lactuca indica L., Commelina communis L., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P.Beauv., Cyperus microiria Steud., and Oxalis corniculata L. The biological type of upland fields in South Korea was determined to be Th-R₅-D₄-e type. Rare plants were found in 11 taxa: Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc, Magnolia kobus DC, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Aristolochina contorta Bunge, Buxus sinica (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) M.Cheng var. koreana (Nakai ex Rehder) Q.L.Wang, Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim, Mitrasacme indica Wight, Lithospermum arvense L., Carpesium rosulatum Miq., Allium senescens L., and Pseudoraphis sordida (Thwaites) S.M.Phillips & S.L.Chen. Ninety-seven taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 24 families, 68 genera, 97 species, one variety, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 30.5% and 18.4%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2000

In order to investigate the composition, seasonal and regional variation of extractive nitrogenous components in the raw anchovy (Engraulis japonica) harvested from June 1991 to June 1992 at Nam-hae and Ki-jang in the southern coast of Korea, the contents of extractive nitrogen (EN), free amino acids (FAA), oligopeptides (OP), ATP and its related compounds (ARC), quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds were measured. The EN contents of raw anchovy were $444{\~}773\;mg/100\;g$. Thirty-four kinds of FAA were found and their total amount were $1,049{\~}2,079\;mg/100\;g$. Histidine, taurine, alanine, leucine and glutamic acid were the major free amino acids in the anchovy extracts. The amount of ARC was average $5.02\;{\mu}mol/g$, and IMP was the major compound among them, who and creatine contents in the extracts or raw anchovy were average 164 and 229 mg/100 g, respectively. The contents of glycinebetaine,${\brta}-alaninebetaine,\;{\gamma}-burobetaine$, homarine, TMA, and creatinine were extremely small. As for the regional and seasonal disparities, the Nam-hae samples contained more EN, FAA, OP, betaines and creatine than the Ki-jang samples. On the other hand the Ki-jang samples contained more ARC and TMAO. The spring samples contained more EN, FAA, OP, ARC and betaines than the autumn samples. On the other side the autumn samples contained more TAMO and creatine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.392-398
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• 2004

The application of Dongchimi added with Wasabi for the improvement of quality was scientifically explored by reviewing the optimum level and its effect on the physicochemical property of product of fermentation. The final weight percentage of Wasabi in Dongchimi was adjusted to 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9%, per radish, each respectively. Following the fermentation of Dongchimi, the 7% treatment contained the highest pH and the lowest total acidity. The total vitamin C and reducing sugar content increased initially to the certain time of fermentation depending on the level of Wasabi, and the 7% treatment decreased later. The optimum levels of Wasabi in Dongchimi obtained through experiments were 5% and 7% per added radish weight, preferably 7% for fermentation-retarding effect of the product.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 2007

To establish a optimum culture condition in vitro for production of seedlings in Wasabia japonica, the effects of salt strength, sucrose concentration, and $NH_4/NO_3$ ratio on the shoot growth in MS medium were investigated. The full strength of MS medium was the best condition for shoot growth, and in $1/4{\sim}1/2x$ or 2x MS medium the growth was significantly suppressed. Growth of shoots was enhanced when sucrose was added in MS medium after 2 weeks of culture, and the best result was found at 3% sucrose addition. ${NH_4}^+/{NO_3}^-$ ratio of 10:50 gave the highest biomass of shoot in the liquid culture with MS medium, and increasing the ${NH_4}^+$ ratio in the medium significantly reduced the growth of shoot.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.522-528
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the possibility of using hydrolysates of lignocellulosics (rapeseed straw, barley straw, rice straw) and marine macro-algae (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Enteromorpha intestinalis, and Gracilaria verrucosa) to cultivate Chlorella saccharophila. The growth of C. saccharophila was inhibited by 7 hydrolysates without active carbon treatment. In contrast, hydrolysates treated with active carbon increased the cell growth and product (oil and chlorophyll) formation by C. saccharophila. The oil contents of C. saccharophila treated with each hydrolysate were $41.26{\pm}0.69%$ (glucose), $22.06{\pm}1.21%$ (rapeseed straw), $28.65{\pm}1.08%$ (barley straw), $31.15{\pm}0.76%$ (rice straw), $31.50{\pm}2.12%$ (U. pinnatifida), $31.49{\pm}4.53%$ (L. japonica), $29.63{\pm}3.93%$ (E. intestinalis), and $26.15{\pm}1.99%$ (G. verrucosa), respectively. Lignocellulosics and marine macro-algae may be useful resources for improving the mass cultivation of C. saccharophila.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2002

Methanol extracts from 420 samples of 173 plant species in 58 families were tested at 5000 ppm for their insecticidal and acaricidal activities against five economically important arthropod pests by spray method. The responses varied with arthropod pest species, plant species and plant tissue sampled. In a test with Nilaparvata lugens Stal, extracts from Zanthoxylum piperitum barks, Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf and Quercus salicina leaf showed potent insecticidal activity. With Plutella xylostella L., potent larvicidal activity was observed from extracts of Platycarya strobilacea wood, Meliosma myriantha barks, Sophora japonica leaf, Zanthoxylum piperitum barks, and Pinus thunbergii wood. Methanol extracts of Sophora japonica leaf and Zanthoxylum piperitum barks showed high insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura. In a test with Tetranychus urticae Koch, extract from Carpinus coreana leaf, Firmiana simplex barks, Elaeagnus macrophylla leaf, Aralia elata leaf, Comus controversa barks and Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf exhibited strong acaricidal activity. As a naturally occurring pest control agent, Zanthoxylum piperitum barks could be useful as new insecticidal and acaricidal products against various arthropod pests.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.511-517
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• 1992

The hypoglycemic effects of Korean wild vegetables : Capsella bursa-pastoris Medicus(CBM) Commelina communis L. (CCL) Calystegics japonica Choisy(CJC) Discorea japonica Thunb(DJT) and Persicaria perfolidata Gross(PPG) in diabetic rats were determined. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley diabetic rats(130~180g) induced by the streptozotocin (45mg/kg) injection into the tail vein were fed either a control or experimental diets for four weeks. The plasma levels of glucose and cholesterol were measured. The urinary glucose levels were monitored. Crude fiber mineral(Ca, Fe, Zn and Cr) and ascorbic acid contents of the wild vegetables were analyzed. The extents of blood glucose decrement in CCL. DJT or PPG fed rats were greater than that in the control group. This extents of decrement in CBM or CJC fed rats were not significan-tly different from that in the control group. The urinary glucose was shown to be negative to Band reagent strip in CCL or DJT group at the 4th week. The plasma cholesterol levels of all the groups including control group were not essentially different. It is suggested that the intakes of CCL or DJT could be useful for prevetive and therapeutic approches to alleviate the hyperglycemic status in diabetes mellitus.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of some plant growth regulators on the germination and seedling growth of Wasabia japonica Matsum seeds. The seeds were soaked in different concentration of indolacetic acid(LAA), indolbutyric acid(IBA), $GA_3\;GA_4$, Benzyladenine(BA) and kinetin, and the germination percent, the average germination day and the growth of seedlings were measured. The seeds were released from dormancy and the germination percent was considerably increased when the seedcoat was removed. $GA_3,\;GA_4,$ BA and kinetin were effective in breaking the dormancy, but LAA and IBA were not effective. $GA_4$, BA and kinetin were more effective in accelerating germination of dormancy seed than $GA_3$. The applications of BA combined with $GA_3$ l00ppm showed higher germination percent than that of BA alone within the range 50ppm and 100ppm. Root, hypocotyl and petiol of seedling overgrew by the application of $GA_3\;and\;GA_4$. But effects of BA and kinetin were good on seedling growth compared with those of $GA_3\;and\;GA_4$. Therefore, BA and kinetin could be use for dormancy breaking of seed instead of $GA_3$.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.3 s.95
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• pp.251-258
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• 2001

The ichthyofauna and passing efficiency of fish ways were surveyed in the lower and upper regions of the river mouth dam in the lower reaches of the Nakdong river from June to December in 20()0. As the dam built in the river mouth, the brackish area in the estuary disappeared completely and the transitional area did not formed. The fishes collected from survey were classified into 49 species, 45 genera belonging to 29 families. Among them, the fresh water fishes composed of 10 species, peripheral freshwater fishes 11 species and sea water fishes 28 species respectively. Because of the ecological difference between the fresh and sea water, dominant species in the Myeong-ji of sea water area was Acanthogobius flavimanus (39.1%) and in the Sa-sang of fresh water area was Achanthorhodeus macropterus (44.4%). By the video camera records, fishes were identified nine species like as Coilia ectenes, Cyprinus carpio, Hemibarbus labeo, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Plecoglosus altivelis, Lateolabrax japonicus, Anguilla japonica, Mugil cephalus and Pholis nebulosa. Based on total species collected, the efficiency of the fish way for the anadromous fish was 10.1%. Therefore, efficiency evaluation of the fish way in the Nakdong River Mouth Dam was low.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.495-502
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• 2015

This study intended to provide basic data required in establishing policies for improving the forestry management and the compensation standard for the loss from non-timber forest products by examining the cost of cultivating key medicinal herbs and the earnings from them to analyze the income. According to the income analysis on the cultivation of medicinal herbs, the average annual income per unit area of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara was the highest as it recorded 14,233,000 won/10a and was followed by Pleuropterus multiflorus TURCZ. which recorded 4,121,000 won/10a, Gastrodia elata Blume 3,766,000 won/10a, Epimedium koreanum Nakai 3,537,000 won/10a, Atractylodes ovata (Thunb.) DC. 2,655,000 won/10a, Aralia continentalis Kitagawat 1,048,000 won/10a, Paeonia lactiflora Pallas 1,025,000 won/10a, and Bupleurum falcatum L. 919,000 won/10a. Compared with the income from major nuts and fruits analyzed in 2014, the average annual income per unit area for medicinal herbs was relatively higher. For Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara and Aralia continentalis Kitagawat, soots are used for food and the roots for medicine, it appears that it can become a new income source for the farming and mountain villages. Meanwhile, the price for Paeonia lactiflora Pallas is dropping due to Chinese imports, and also damage to the income from other medicinal herbs due to Chinese imports is expected with the implementation of Korea-China FTA in the future.