• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.96-96
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to find out and confirm the project formulation, feasibility, scale and locations on the farmland development projects such as planned and ongoing tideland reclamation and irrigation facilities along the western coast of North Korea using satellite image data, Landsat TM, JERS OPS and SPOT PAN and aged maps. In order to apply to the study, remote sensing technologies such as geometric correction. digital mosaicking, image merging, linear extraction and land cover classification were studied. As the results of the study, the reclaimable tidal flats are recognized at about 178,000 ha equivalent to 59% of announced 300,000ha. and 16,000 ha of completed, 17,000 ha of ongoing project areas although 27,000 ha were revealed to be completed during 1987-1993. Almost planned projects are appeared to be shortage of water supply due to their small watersheds, however, most projects are connected with 2000 mile canal system.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.4614-4625
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• 1978

The construction of the equipment of water utilization has been developed since the ancient Korea period, 1906 in order to develope and modernize the agriculture. As the results, 83% of total paddy field area, 1,268,949.8 ha has developed into the irrigated paddy field, and the rest of area, 17% has remained nonirrigated paddy field (due to the data of the statistics of 1975). The ratio of the irrigated paddy field area among the total weir was marked 13.14% (area, 137,926.3 ha) and the third grade of total irrigated paddy field in accordance with the facilities of water utilization. In case of Gangwon-Do, the 44.18 percentage of the total irrigated paddy field, 51,057.2ha has been and pointed out first grade. As the results, we found out the following articles : 1. The total weir, 1,641 that sumed concrete weir 647 and conventional weir 967 has been constructed and has irrigated the 44.l8% of total irrigated paddy field of Gangwon-Do. 2. These weirs have been public possession of those villages to be 96.1 percentage of total weir and was controled by them. 3. Those weirs that were constructed across tributary (first, secondary and third tributary) at vallies (elevation 100∼1,000m) have marked that 45 percentage of total number of catchment area has 100∼1,000 ha, and 70 percentage of total number of basin area has been below 10 ha and has constructed about 5 of step-shape. 4. The construction of most weirs has became generally about 50m length, about 1m height. 5. The 80 percentage of newly constructed concrete weir has aged below 10 years. It seemed that 79 percentage of conventional weir has aged over 20 years and 41% of contructed weir has needed to be improved quickly. 6. If privious weirs, 296 will constructed newly, they can irrigate 3,600.8 ha of paddy field and 45.8% of total irrigated paddy field will have been and will contribute to the production of much rice.

• KCID journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2011

Climate change has impacts on not only the average temperature rise but also the intensity and frequency of extreme events such as flood and drought. It is also expected that the damages on agricultural infrastructure will be increased resulting from increased rainfall intensity and frequency caused by climate change. To strengthen the climate change adaptation capacity, it is necessary to identify the vulnerability of a given society's physical infrastructures and to develop appropriate adaptation strategies with infrastructure management because generally facilities related to human settlements are vulnerable to climate changes and establishing an adaptive public infrastructure would reduce the damages and the repair cost. Therefore, development of mitigation strategies for agricultural infrastructure against climatic hazard is very important, but there are few studies on agricultural infrastructure vulnerability assessment and adaptation strategies. The concept of vulnerability, however, is difficult to functionally define due to the fact that vulnerability itself includes many aspects (biological, socioeconomic, etc.) in various sectors. As such, much research on vulnerability has used indicators which are useful for standardization and aggregation. In this study, for the vulnerability assessment for agricultural infrastructure, 3 categories of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capacity were defined which are composed of 16 sub-categories and 49 proxy variables. Database for each proxy variables was established based on local administrative province. Future studies are required to define the weighting factor and standardization method to calculate the vulnerability indicator for agricultural infrastructure against climate change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.12 no.1 s.30
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• pp.37-48
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to develop an evaluation method of regional vulnerability to agricultural drought and to classify the vulnerability patterns. In order to test the method, 24 city or county areas of Gyeonggi-do were chose. First, statistic data and digital maps referred for agricultural drought were defined, and the input data of 31 items were set up from 5 categories: land use factor, water resource factor, climate factor, topographic and soil factor, and agricultural production foundation factor. Second, for simplification of the factors, principal component analysis was carried out, and eventually 4 principal components which explain about 80.8% of total variance were extracted. Each of the principal components was explained into the vulnerability components of scale factor, geographical factor, weather factor and agricultural production foundation factor. Next, DVIP (Drought Vulnerability Index for Paddy), was calculated using factor scores from principal components. Last, by means of statistical cluster analysis on the DVIP, the study area was classified as 5 patterns from A to E. The cluster A corresponds to the area where the agricultural industry is insignificant and the agricultural foundation is little equipped, and the cluster B includes typical agricultural areas where the cultivation areas are large but irrigation facilities are still insufficient. As for the cluster C, the corresponding areas are vulnerable to the climate change, and the D cluster applies to the area with extensive forests and high elevation farmlands. The last cluster I indicates the areas where the farmlands are small but most of them are irrigated as much.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 1976

Only 22.7% of total land area is arable land in Korea, it is anticipated that the increased land utilization of present arable land and enlargement of arable land through the reclamation of hillside and tidal land will be of great importance for the support of increased population in the future. Followings are the prediction of increased land utilization ratios, increased arable land through the reclamation of hillside and tidal land, and the increase] in fertilizer demand up to the year of 2000. 1. On the assumption that irrigation facilities, farm mechanization, and cropping systems would be improved remarkably by the year of 2000, the land utilization ratios of paddy land and upland are estimated to be 179% and 193% respectively. 2. Increments of fertilizer demand due to increased land utilization ratios, are estimated to be 2, 290 M/T in 1980, 70, 611 M/T in 1990, and 153, 619 M/T in 2000, when the amounts of fertilizers per unit area are fixed at present lrevels. 3. Increments of fertilizer demand due to the expansion of arable land through the reclamation of 516,330 ha of hillside land and 160,568 ha of tidal land, which are the present estimation of the reclaimable areas, are estimated as 32,960 M/T in 1980, 136,320 M/T in 1990, and 366,861 M/T in 2000. 4. Total increments of fertilizer demand due to the increased land utilization of arable land and the expansion of arable land through the reclamation of hillside and tidal lands in 2000's are estimated as 196,285 M/T for N, 147,351 M/T for $P_2O_5$, and 176,844 M/T for $K_2O$.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2013

This study is an attempt to quantify rainwater utilization and miscellaneous water demand in Tokyo's 23 special wards, the core of the urban area in Tokyo, Japan, in order to elucidate the potential of further rainwater utilization. The rainwater utilization for miscellaneous appropriate water demands, including toilet flushing, air conditioning, and garden irrigation, were calculated for six different types of building: residential house, office, department store, supermarket, restaurant, and accommodation. Miscellaneous water demands in these different types of building were expressed in terms of equivalent rainfall of 767, 1,133, 3,318, 1,887, 16,574, and 2,227 (mm/yr), respectively, compared with 1,528 mm of Tokyo's average annual precipitation. Building types, numbers and its height were considered in this study area using geographic information system data to quantify miscellaneous water demands and the amount of rainwater utilization in each ward. Area precipitation-demand ratio was used to measure rainwater utilization potential for miscellaneous water demands. Office and commercial areas, such as Chiyoda ward, showed rainwater utilization potentials of <0.3, which was relatively low compared to those wards where many residential houses are located. This is attributed to the relatively high miscellaneous water demand. In light of rainwater utilization based on building level, the introduction of rainwater storage mechanisms with a storage depth of 50 mm for six different types of buildings was considered, and calculated as rainfall of 573, 679, 819, 766, 930, and 787 (mm), respectively. Total rainwater utilization using such storage facilities in each building from 23 wards resulted in the retention of 102,760,000 $m^3$ of water for use in miscellaneous applications annually, and this volume corresponded to 26.3% of annual miscellaneous water demand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to find out and confirm the project formulation, feasibility, scale and locations on the farmland development projects such as planned and ongoing tideland reclamation and irrigation facilities along the western coast of North Korea using satellite image data, Landsat TM, JERS OPS and SPOT PAN and aged maps. In order to apply to the study, remote sensing technologies such as geometric correction. digital mosaicking, image merging, linear extraction and land cover classification were studied. As the results of the study, the reclaimable tidal flats are recognized at about 178, 000 ha equivalent to 59% of announced 300, 000ha. and 16, 000 ha of completed, 17, 000 ha of ongoing project areas although 27, 000 ha were revealed to be completed during 1987-1993. Almost planned projects are appeared to be shortage of water supply due to their small watersheds, however, most projects are connected with 2000 mile canal system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2018

The accident risk at the construction workplace associated with agricultural engineering is comparatively higher than those of other fields due mainly to its complex work types and processes. Agricultural engineering deals with a variety of agricultural infrastructures from irrigation and drainage facilities to giant-scale coastal reclamation land infrastructures. The characteristics that most agricultural projects have conducted on a small-scale even worsen the situation drawing low attentions to risk management. Therefore, systematical risk assessment that focuses on details of agricultural construction work process is required in order to enhance safety management capacity and to prevent repetitive accidents ultimately. This study aims to categorize construction work types and processes of agricultural construction works, and to quantitatively assess the accident risk of them based on accident analysis. Regarding classification of construction works, actual 827 accident cases were thoroughly reviewed and coded by their construction site, facility and work type, project scale and so on. Most accidents (71.8 % of total cases) occurred in small-scale construction workplaces with less than 5 billion Korean won project budget. And those accidents related to agricultural infrastructure project (37.4%) and agricultural water development project (22.4%). In terms of work types, accidents frequently took place in form-work followed by pipe installation work, steel bar work and concrete work. The potential risks were compared with actual outbreak of accidents based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that the potential conditions of accident expected to be took place is somewhat different from the actual conditions where accidents actually happened. This implicates that risk management manuals or education needs to be adjusted by reflecting unexpected circumstances. Overall, this study is meaningful in that the results could be foundations as to strengthen risk management capacity for agricultural engineering projects.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.443-443
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• 2012

최근 지구 온난화 및 기후변화로 인하여 국지적 집중호우에 의한 농지 침수 및 유실 피해가 점차 증가 추세에 있으며 가뭄에 의한 물 부족 현상도 심화되고 있다. 이와 같은 홍수 및 가뭄 피해에 대비하기 위하여 농업용 저수지와 수문 그리고 농수로와 같은 농업수리시설물이 신축 운영되고 있으나 이들 시설물은 비교적 규모가 작은 대신에 그 수가 매우 많고 또한 지역적으로 널리 산재해 있기 때문에 관리자가 이들을 효율적으로 운영하고 관리하는데 한계가 있다는 특징이 있다. 더욱이 이들 시설물은 물과 항상 접하는 철근 콘크리트 구조물로 이루어져 있어서 시간이 경과함에 따라 균열발생과 철근부식과 같은 노후화 현상이 뚜렷하게 진전되어 정기적 안전점검이 필요한 실정이다. 이에 따라 농업수리시설을 보다 체계적으로 관리하고 농업용수를 보다 효율적으로 확보 운영하기 위하여 물관리 자동화 사업이 추진되어 많은 개선이 이루어졌으나 아직까지 현장업무가 관리자의 수작업에 의존하고 있으며 농촌 용수의 정확한 정보가 제때에 제공되지 못하는 등 농업수리시설에 대한 다양한 요구를 충족시키지 못하고 있다. 따라서, 농촌수자원의 효율적 관리를 위하여 농업수리시설 가운데 하나인 농수로의 수위 및 유량 정보를 자동으로 측정하며 농업수리시설물의 상태 정보를 입력하고 관리할 수 있는 모바일 App을 개발하였다. 안드로이드 OS 기반의 스마트폰을 활용하였으며 여기에는 시설물 고유정보가 포함된 QR코드 및 Active 태그를 통하여 시설물의 상태정보를 원격에 있는 서버 컴퓨터로 전송할 수 있는 원거리 무선통신 모듈이 구비되어 있다. 특히, 농업수리시설물 관리 어플리케이션은 현장관리자가 기존에 수기방식으로 시설물을 관리해 오던 것을 휴대단말 상에서 보다 효율적으로 관리를 함으로써 시설물 유지관리 업무의 효율성을 향상시키는 특징이 있다.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.317-330
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• 2013

The yield of rice production is affected severely by abnormal weather events, such as flood, drought, high temperature etc. The objective of this paper is to assess impacts of abnormal weather events on rice production, using a panel model which analyzes both cross-section data and ti- me series data. Abnormal weather is defined as the weather event which goes beyond the range of ${\pm}2{\sigma}$ from the average of a weather factor. The result of an analysis on impacts of high temperature on rice production showed that the yield of rice was decreased 5.8% to 16.3% under the conditions of extremely high temperature, and it was decreased 8.8 to 20.8% under the conditions of both extremely high and heavy rain. Adaptation strategies, development of new varieties enduring high temperature and heavy rain, adaptation of crop insurance, modernization of irrigation facilities are needed to minimize the impacts of abnormal weather on rice production, and to stabilize farmers' income.