• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.122-124
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• 2002

The removal capacity of zero-valent iron for Cr(Ⅵ) was evaluated using batch kinetic tests. The rate constants for zero-valent iron dramatically increased as initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration decreased. Generally, the reaction rates of Cr(Ⅵ) with zero-valent iron were faster than that of a biotic degradation of Cr(Ⅵ), and furthermore the reaction rates were inversely proportional to the initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentrations. After certain reaction time elapsed. no further decrease of Cr(Ⅵ) was observed, indicating a loss of iron reactivity. The loss of iron reactivity was primarily due to the passivation of iron surfaces with iron-Cr precipitates, but the reactivity of iron was recovered by adding iron-reducing bacteria. Even though the addition of bacteria itself removed Cr(Ⅵ), the combination of iron-reducing bactera and oxidized iron significantly enhanced the reaction rate for Cr(Ⅵ) removal. The results from column tests also confirmed that the innoculation of iron-reducing bacteria to the column containing completely oxidized iron partially enhanced the recovery of the iron reactivity.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.7-10
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• 2002

Iron nitride magnetic fluid was oxidized by exposing it to the air under normal atmospheric conditions. After exposure of 3.2 hours, the relative saturation magnetization of the iron nitride magnetic fluid is less than 0.4 compared to the value of the unexposed sample, and it is nearly zero after exposure for 1008 hours. The structure of the oxidized iron nitride is considered to be a non-magnetic hematites. The thickness of the oxidation layers of the iron-nitride particles are nearly the same, about 3 nm, regardless of the different particle sizes.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.389-394
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• 2015

Direct reduced iron was made using an electric furnace. The reduction ratio of direct reduced iron varied depending on the grade of iron ore. Coal played an important role as a reducing agent in making the direct reduced iron. The coal must contain a suitable amount of volatile components having high calorie values and low impurity content. In this study, oxidized pellets were directly reduced using anthracite as a reductant in an electric furnace. Direct reduction behaviors of hematite and magnetite pellets were confirmed in a coal-based experiment. Reduction behaviors were demonstrated by analyzing the chemical compositions, measuring the reducibility, and observing the phase changes and microstructure. The superior reducibility of hematite pellets can be ascribed to their high effective diffusivity, which is due to their high porosity. The quickly after reducing for 40min and achieves a high value at the end of the reduction.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2007

영가철은 trichloroethylene(TCE)과 같은 염소계 유기오염물질 제거에 탁월한 효과를 가지고 있어서, 반응벽체를 이용한 오염된 토양 및 지하수의 현장처리에 반응매질로 자주 사용되고 있다. 하지만 영가철의 빠른 반응성으로 인하여 반응벽체의 수명이 다하고, 탈염소화 과정 중 생성된 산화철이 영가철 표면에 침적 되어 반응표면적을 줄임으로써 반응성이 떨어지게 된다. 이러한 영가철 반응벽체의 단점을 보완하기 위한 방법이 연구되어 왔고, 그 중 철환원균을 이용한 연구가 본 연구에서 시도되었다. 실험에 사용한 Shewanella algae BrY는 철환원균의 일종으로서 Dissimilatory Iron Reducing Bacteria(DIRB)로 분류된다. 본 연구에서는 이전의 배치실험 연구결과를 바탕으로 칼럼실험을 통해 TCE의 농도를 30mg/L과 67.5mg/L의 두 가지로 비교하고, 유량을 8mL/hr, 16mL/hr의 두 가지로 비교하여 세 개의 칼럼 실험을 실시하여 영가철 반응벽체의 TCE의 제거 및 산화된 철의 철환원균을 이용한 환원과정을 칼럼실험을 통해 측정했다. 그 결과 철환원균에 의한 산화철의 환원은 오염물질의 농도가 높을 경우 처리량의 증가로 인하여 반응벽체의 수명을 단축시키는 원인이 되었고, 유량의 증가 역시 유입되는 오염물질의 증가로 인하여 수명의 단축을 가져왔다. 그러나 유량증가의 경우 유속의 증가를 가져와서 Shewanella algae BrY가 매질표면에 작용하여 산화철을 환원시킬 수 있는 시간을 감소시키고 착상되는 것을 방해하기 때문에 오염물질의 농도보다 큰 영향을 미치는 결과를 보여준다. 칼럼실험결과 Shewanella algae BrY에 의한 산화철의 환원은 TCE의 탈염소화 후 생성된 산화철의 침적에 의하여 발생되는 반응벽체의 수명감소를 줄일 수 있다는 결과를 얻었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.341-349
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• 2010

It is well known that manganese is hard to oxidize under neutral pH condition in the atmosphere while iron can be easily oxidized to insoluble iron oxide. The purpose of this study is to identify removal mechanism of manganese in the D water treatment plant where is treating bank filtered water in aeration and rapid sand filtration. Average concentration of iron and manganese in bank filtered water were 5.9 mg/L and 3.6 mg/L in 2008, respectively. However, their concentration in rapid sand filtrate were only 0.11 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L, respectively. Most of the sand was coated with black colored manganese oxide except surface layer. According to EDX analysis of sand which was collected in different depth of sand filter, the content of i ron in the upper part sand was relatively higher than that in the lower part. while manganese content increased with a depth. The presence of iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria have been identified in sand of rapid sand filtration. It is supposed that these bacteria contributed some to remove iron and manganese in rapid sand filter. In conclusion, manganese has been simultaneously removed by physicochemical reaction and biological reaction. However, it is considered that the former reaction is dominant than the latter. That is, Mn(II) ion is rapidly adsorbed on ${\gamma}$-FeOOH which is intermediate iron oxidant and then adsorbed Mn(II) ion is oxidized to insoluble manganese oxide. In addition, manganese oxidation is accelerated by autocatalytic reaction of manganese oxide. The iron and manganese oxides deposited on the surface of the sand and then are aged with coating sand surface.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.183-194
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• 2002

안동화강암에 발달한 풍화단면에서 발견되는 흑운모 및 그 풍화산물을 대상으로 X-선회절분석, 화학분석, 전자현미경 관찰 등의 광물학적 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 이 지역의 흑운모는 풍화과정에서 별개의 질석이나 흑운모-질석 규칙혼합층 구조로 변질되지 않고 10$\AA$의 회절선을 보이는 산화흑운모로 풍화되었다. Fe의 산화로 발생하는 과잉 양전하는 사면체 자리의 양이온 점유율의 변화는 없이 팔면체자리로부터 16%의 Fe와 12%의 Mg, 그리고 층간에서 13%의 K가 제거되는 방식으로 해소되었다. 동시에 흑운모의 5%는 산화흑운모와 불규칙혼합층을 이루는 질석으로 변환되었다. 흑운모 풍화초기에 Fe의 산화로 야기된 약간의 화학조성 및 구조적 변화의 결과로 생성된 산화흑운모는 대부분의 풍화 구간에서 더 이상 질석으로 풍화되지 않고 안정한 상태를 유지하다가 상부에서 부분적으로 캐올리나이트로 분해된다. 흑운모가 풍부한 기반암의 지표환경에서 원소거동을 이해하기 위해서는 신선한 흑운모가 아닌 풍화저항도가 매우 큰 산화흑운모에 대한 생성원인과 용해실험이 요청된다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2018

Fe-2 wt.%Ni alloys were fabricated by metal powder injection molding, and their oxidation behavior at $600-700^{\circ}C$ for 30 h in air was studied in order to find the effect of the small addition of Ni in the iron matrix on the high-temperature oxidation. Oxide scales that formed after oxidation consisted primarily of $Fe_2O_3$, where microscopic voids were scattered. Nickel was segregated initially at the scale/matrix interface, and later at the lower part of the $Fe_2O_3$ scale. At $600^{\circ}C$, Fe-2wt.%Ni alloys oxidized parabolically initially, and linearly after 15 h. At $650-700^{\circ}C$, they oxidized linearly from the initial period. Although Fe-2wt.%Ni alloys oxidized slower than pure iron, their oxidation rates were relatively fast.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방재학회 2008년도 정기총회 및 학술발표대회
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• pp.807-810
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• 2008

영가철(ZVI)를 사용하는 투수성 반응벽체(PRB, Permeable reactive barrier)는 TCE(Trichloroethylene)와 같은 난분해성 유기물질이 포함된 지하수를 처리하는데 사용될 수 있다. 여기서 ZVI(Zero-valent iron)가 Ferric iron으로 산화되면서 TCE를 ethene으로 환원시킨다. Ferric iron으로 변화된 iron은 환원과정을 통해 Ferrous iron으로 다시 재생을 시켜야 PRB의 처리수명을 연장시킬 수 있다. Ferric iron을 Ferrous iron으로 환원시키기 위해서 철환원 박테리아(IRB, Iron-reducing bacteria)를 이용한다. 이번 연구에서는 IRB가 Ferric iron을 환원시키기 위해서 Ferric iron을 용해를 한다는 concept으로 실험을 해보았다. 실험은 증류수(DI water, De-ionized water), DI-water에 배지를 포함한 용액, 그리고 DI-water에 배지 및 IRB가 포함된 용액, 이 3가지 조건으로 수행했다. 실험결과 $Fe^{3+}$의 용해가 IRB가 포함된 용액, 배지가 포함된 용액, 증류수 순으로 잘 되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2020

Aluminum cast iron has excellent oxidation resistance, sulfurization resistance, and corrosion resistance. However, the ductility at room temperature is insufficient, and at temperatures above 600?, the strength drops sharply and practicality is limited. In the case of heat-resistant cast iron, high-temperature materials containing Cr and Ni account for 30 to 50% or more. However, these high-temperature materials are expensive. Aluminum heat-resistant cast iron is considered as a substitute for expensive heat-resistant materials. Oxidation due to the aging temperature and holding time conditions increases more in 0 wt.% Al-cast iron than in 2 and 4 wt.% Al-cast iron according to oxidized weight and gravimetric oxide layer thickness measurements. As a result of observing the cross-section of the oxide layer, it was found to contain 0 wt.% of Al-cast iron silicon oxide-containing SiO₂ or Fe₂SiO₄ oxide film. In cast iron containing aluminum, the thickness of the internal oxide layer due to aluminum increases as the aging temperature and retention time increase, and the amount of the iron oxide layer generated on the surface decreases.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제33권A호
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• pp.89-92
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• 2013

The characteristics of floc formation of the iron(Fe) ions was studied for developing the process treating the acid mine drainage. The metal ions in aqueous solution oxidized with oxygen in air, which generated hydrogen ion and lowered the pH of the aqueous solution. The iron(Fe) ions were formed into flocs by the acid-base reaction with the added $Ca(OH)_2$ for the neutralizing the solution. There were several variables affecting the formation, size and color of floc; whether air was present or not, air feeding rate, oxidizing time, concentration of $Ca(OH)_2$, the acid-base reaction time of the $iron(Fe)-Ca(OH)_2$. For proper formation of the $iron(Fe)-Ca(OH)_2$ flocs and developing the floc treating system, the control variables mentioned above should be considered.